Turkey: A Past Against History PDF
Preview Turkey: A Past Against History
A PAST AGAINST HISTORY Christine M. Philliou UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS University of California Press Oakland, California © 2021 by Christine M. Philliou Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Philliou, Christine May, author. Title: Turkey: a past against history / Christine M. Philliou. Description: Oakland, California: University of California Press, [2021] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: lccn 2020030582 (print) | lccn 2020030583 (ebook) | isbn 9780520276383 (hardback) | isbn 9780520276390 (paperback) | ISBN 978o52O382398(ebook) Subjects: lcsh: Karay, Refik Halit, 1888-1965—Criticism and interpretation, j Political culture—Turkey—History—20th century. | Turkey—Politics and government—20th century. Classification: LCC DR576 .P47 2021 (print) | LCC DR576 (ebook) | DDC 956.1/02—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.l0c.g0v/2020030582 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.l0c.g0v/2020030583 Manufacturedin the United States of America 25 24 23 22 21 10 987654321 For my children, Daphne Narenj and Erf an Elias, and for all thejournalists and writers, in Turkey and all over the world, who risk their lives to make all voices heard. CONTENTS Note on Transliteration ix Timeline xi Introduction: How Happy Is He Who Calls Himself a Turk? i i • Against Power? (1888-1909) 19 2 • The Contradictions of Ottoman Constitutionalism and the Remaking o£ Muhalefet (1908-1913): The Porcupine Speaks 4 4 3 • The Joke (1913-1918) 69 4 • The True Face ofIstanbul (1918-1922) 90 5 • Muhalefet from Abroad (1922-1927) 125 6 • There Is a World Underground (1928-1945) 157 7 • Muhalefet in the Free World (1945-1965) 186 Epilogue: Muhalefet, Reconsidered 205 Afterword 213 Acknowledgments 217 Notes 221 Bibliography 253 Index 269 NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION Throughout this book I have used standard modern Turkish spelling for Turkish and Ottoman names and terms. This is complicated by the fact that the time frame of the study straddles the 192.8 Alphabet Reform, which changed the alphabet from a modified Arabic script, used for Ottoman Turkish since the fourteenth century, to an adapted Latin one. Each letter of the modern Turkish alphabet represents a single sound. Most consonants are pronounced more or less the same as in English. Following are the exceptions: c is pronounced as j in John (Cumhuriyet). f is pronounced ch as in chair (fay). f is pronounced sh as in shiver (five) j is pronounced as in French or as s in measure (jandarma). /is most often silent, lengthening the previous vowel (oglu). Modern Turkish has eight vowels: a is pronounced as the a in father (Ankara), e is pronounced as e in jet (muhalefet). 1 is pronounced similarly to the u in “uh” or the 00 in “good” (hirka). i is pronounced roughly like “ee” in “feed” (BileciE). (The letter carries a dot even when capitalized, to differentiate it from the “undotted” i above.) 0 is pronounced as 0 in open (Qorum). 0 is pronounced is pronounced like the French eu (Erenkoy). u is pronounced is as 00 in room (Istanbul). u is pronounced like the French u (AtaturE). IX The study also spans the periods before and after the 1934 Surname Law, which required all Turkish citizens to adopt a patronymic. I use the standard convention of the field, which is to place the post-1934 patronymic in paren theses when referring to a given person before 1934. So, until 1934 Yakup Kadri (Karaosmanoglu) had yet to adopt his surname. The same was true for Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk), Refii Cevat (Ulunay), Riza Tevfik (Boliikba^i), and many others mentioned in the following pages. Refik Halid (Karay) is the main exception; since he is the main figure in the book and appears so often, I refer to him simply as Refik. Within modern Turkish, there is a fluctuation between transliterating the final consonants d/t and b/p, with the former (d and b) representing a more archaic style and the latter a more contemporary one. This is why Refik Halid is sometimes spelled Refik Halit in works in modern Turkish; Halide Edib is alternatively spelled Halide Edip, etc. I have chosen, somewhat arbitrarily, to use the more archaic d/b style, so with the exception of citing published works that refer to him as Refik Halit, I have used Refik Halid (and Mehmed Halid rather than Mehmet Halit for his father, etc.). And finally, although the proper modern Turkish spelling of Istanbul would be Istanbul, I refer to that Ottoman capital city, and subsequently the largest city in the Republic of Turkey, as Istanbul. X • NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION Key dates in the Ottoman Empire/Republic of Turkey Key dates in Refik Halid Karay's life: 1839-1876: Tanzimat Reform period ~ 1876: Ottoman constitution (Kanun-i Esasi) — ' August 1876: Abdulhamid II takes throne 1878: suspends Constitution and Parliament January 1878:Treaty of Edirne ends the Russo-Ottoman War — 1888: born in Istanbul February 1878: Abulhamid II prorogues Ottoman Parliament, suspends Constitution 1884: Midhat Pa§a, "Father of the Constitution” strangled on orders of Abdulhamid II 1889: founding of Committee of Union and Progress J 1902: Congress of Ottoman Liberals (Paris) — December 1907: Second Congress of Ottoman Opposition (Muhalifin Kongresi}, Paris — July 1908: Constitutional Revolution -x. — 1908: first post as a clerk Spring/Summer 1909: Press Law March 31 Incident, 1909 — — Spring 1909: dismissed from post March 31—April 15 1909: Counter-revolution; suppression of counter-revolution — — August 1909: Son Havadis newspaper ^Winter 1909/1910: trip to Paris November 1911-September 1912: Italo-Ottoman War (Tripoli) September 1912-March 1913: Balkan War January 1913: Sublime Porte (Bab i Ali) coup d'etat —Fall 1911: Kirpinin Dedikleri (ThePorcupine's Utterances) published in one volume March 1913: new restrictions on 1909 Press Law June 1913: assassination of Grand Vezir Mahmud §evket Pa$a — June 1913: exiled to Sinop June 1913:800 muhalifs deported to Sinop by Cemal Pa§a
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