Turbomachinery: Concepts, Applications, and Design

327 Pages·2018·11.01 MB·English

by  V. Dakshina Murty

Turbomachinery
Concepts, Applications, and Design

Turbomachinery
Concepts, Applications, and Design
By
V. Dakshina Murty
University of Portland
CRC Press
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Contents
Preface ..............................................................................................................................................xi
List of Symbols ............................................................................................................................xiii
1. Introduction and History ......................................................................................................1
Problems ....................................................................................................................................4
2. Dimensional Analysis ...........................................................................................................5
2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................5
2.2 Dimensional Analysis ..................................................................................................6
Problems ..................................................................................................................................14
3. Theory of Turbomachines ...................................................................................................19
3.1 Euler Turbine Equation ..............................................................................................19
3.2 Energy Equation ..........................................................................................................22
3.3 Impulse, Reaction, and Utilization Factor ...............................................................26
3.4 Zero and 50% Reaction Machines ............................................................................28
Problems ..................................................................................................................................41
4. Hydraulic Turbines ..............................................................................................................47
4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................47
4.2 Impulse Turbines ........................................................................................................48
4.2.1 Pelton Wheel ...................................................................................................49
4.2.2 Design Aspects of Pelton Turbines ..............................................................53
4.3 Reaction Turbines ........................................................................................................57
4.3.1 Francis Turbine ...............................................................................................58
4.3.2 Design Aspects of Francis Turbines ............................................................60
4.3.3 Kaplan Turbine ...............................................................................................64
4.3.4 Design Aspects of Kaplan Turbines ............................................................64
4.4 Draft Tubes ...................................................................................................................66
4.5 Cavitation in Hydraulic Turbines .............................................................................69
Problems ..................................................................................................................................76
5. Pumps......................................................................................................................................81
5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................81
5.2 Selection of Pumps ......................................................................................................82
5.3 Pump Characteristics .................................................................................................84
5.4 Pumps and Piping Systems .......................................................................................87
5.4.1 Pump Surge ....................................................................................................90
5.5 Cavitation in Pumps ...................................................................................................91
5.6 Pump Design ...............................................................................................................94
Problems ................................................................................................................................102
vii
viii Contents
6. Fans and Blowers ................................................................................................................109
6.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................109
6.2 Axial Fans...................................................................................................................110
6.3 Centrifugal Fans ........................................................................................................117
6.4 Fan Laws and Design Parameters ..........................................................................118
Problems ................................................................................................................................122
7. Radial Gas Turbines ...........................................................................................................125
7.1 Brayton Cycle .............................................................................................................125
7.2 Radial Flow Gas Turbines ........................................................................................130
7.3 Design Features of Radial Turbines .......................................................................137
7.4 Design Procedure for 90° IFR Turbines .................................................................140
Problems ................................................................................................................................149
8. Axial Gas Turbines .............................................................................................................153
8.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................153
8.2 Stage Velocity Diagrams and Energy Transfer .....................................................153
8.3 Isentropic versus Stage Efficiency ..........................................................................156
8.4 Effect of Stage Reaction ............................................................................................165
8.5 Losses in Axial Flow Turbines ................................................................................167
8.6 Design Procedure for Axial Flow Turbines ...........................................................168
Problems ................................................................................................................................171
9. Radial Compressors ...........................................................................................................177
9.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................177
9.2 Radial/Centrifugal Compressors ...........................................................................177
9.3 Velocity Triangles and Energy Transfer ................................................................178
9.4 Compressor Enthalpy–Entropy Diagram ..............................................................180
9.5 Diffuser .......................................................................................................................182
9.5.1 Vaneless Diffuser .........................................................................................183
9.5.2 Vaned Diffuser .............................................................................................184
9.6 Slip Coefficient ...........................................................................................................184
9.7 Design of Centrifugal Compressors .......................................................................194
9.8 Performance Characteristics ....................................................................................200
9.9 Surging, Choking, and Stalling ..............................................................................202
Problems ................................................................................................................................204
10. Axial Compressors .............................................................................................................209
10.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................209
10.2 Analysis of a Single Stage ........................................................................................209
10.3 Small Stage Efficiency for Axial Compressors ......................................................212
10.4 Work Done Factor......................................................................................................221
10.5 Design of Axial Compressors ..................................................................................225
Problems ................................................................................................................................234
11. Steam Turbines ...................................................................................................................239
11.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................239
Contents ix
11.2 Multi-Staging of Steam Turbines ............................................................................240
11.2.1 Velocity Compounding ...............................................................................241
11.2.2 Pressure Compounding ..............................................................................243
11.3 Performance Parameters for Steam Turbines ........................................................249
11.4 Impulse and Reaction Staging ................................................................................251
11.5 Design Aspects of Steam Turbines .........................................................................257
Problems ................................................................................................................................258
12. Wind Turbines .....................................................................................................................261
12.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................261
12.2 Classification of Wind Turbines ..............................................................................262
12.2.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) ................................................262
12.2.2 Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) .......................................................263
12.2.2.1 Darrieus Rotor ..............................................................................263
12.2.2.2 Savonius Rotor ..............................................................................265
12.3 Performance Characteristics of Wind Turbines ....................................................266
12.4 Actuator Disc Theory ...............................................................................................266
12.5 Performance of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines .......................................................272
12.6 Wind Power Advantages and Disadvantages .......................................................273
Advantages ................................................................................................................273
Disadvantages ...........................................................................................................274
Problems ................................................................................................................................274
References ...................................................................................................................................275
Appendix I ...................................................................................................................................277
Appendix II .................................................................................................................................305
Appendix III ...............................................................................................................................307
Index .............................................................................................................................................309