Tupolev - The Man and His Aircraft (3rd Ed)

246 Pages·1996·13.75 MB·English

by  Andrei Kandalov

TUPOLEV
THE MAN AND HIS AIRCRAFT
PAUL DUFFY
ANDREI KANDALOV
To SLK and Lidia
Copyright © 1996 Paul Duffy and Andrei Kandalov
First Published in the UK in 1996 by Airlife Publishing Ltd
This edition published 1996 by SAE International
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Number
96-70235
ISBN 1 56091-899-3
SAE Order No. R-173
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Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
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Dear Readers,
I am pleased to introduce a book about the history of our Tupolev Joint Stock
Company in the name of academician A. N. Tupolev, well-known in the
countries of former Soviet Union and its allies. Its history is not so well-known
in the West. This book is one of the first publications in the West about our
Design Bureau and aviation industry, especially all-metal aircraft, one of the
most influential founders of which was Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev.
This, I hope, will help make our work better known and understood by more
people. Our country and our industry are going through a very difficult period
of time. We need to develop our contacts with the aviation industry and airlines
in other countries and we hope that this book will help us to do so.
General Director
of the Tupolev Joint Stock Co.
Valentin T. Klimov
Moscow, 1996
Preface and
Acknowledgements
The aviation industry in the Soviet Union was organ- Tu-204 is in production. My thanks to my friends at
ised very differently to that of the West. With the Aviastar for that, particularly Viktor Mikhailov,
government essentially the producer and consumer, director general, and Nikolai Katchalov, commercial
different ministries controlled almost every aspect of director, for their courtesy. And Kharkov, where the
the industry. The Ministry of Aviation Industry was Tu-124 and 134, along with some missiles, were built.
responsible for everything to do with the design and Anatoli Myalitsa, the deputy director for foreign
production of aircraft, aero engines and components, economic matters, assisted me there. Repair factory
and the Ministry of Defence plus the Ministry of Civil N407 in Minsk, now called the Minsk Aircraft Repair
Aviation were responsible for the operation of Works, was also very helpful; I would like to thank
these aircraft, and for aerodromes and maintenance general director Arkadi Yamov and chief technologist
facilities. Thus, while the ministries maintained Anatoli Igumnov for their friendliness and helpful-
contact as necessary between each other, at lower ness. They gave me an excellent insight into the Soviet
levels this was not usual, sometimes even within the system and the reasons behind the system.
same ministries. The former Aeroflot division which is now
The Aviation Industry was divided into several Vnukovo Airlines was one of the operators which
specialist categories. Highest amongst these were the helped me understand Soviet aircraft and operations.
design bureaux, from where the ideas were developed I would like to thank Yuri Kashitsin, the general
into reality. Each bureau had its own specialist work- director, Mikhail Bulanov, and his unrelated
shop where it produced one, or sometimes two, colleague, Nikolai Bulanov, both deputy directors
prototypes. The prototypes were test-flown by the general. I must also make mention of Igor Pikalov,
bureau and by a specialist government research and their ever helpful chief of protocol, and pilots,
test facility. If all went well, then the bureau would navigators and flight engineers - Mikhail Lila, Anatoli
pass over production drawings to a production factory Dymnov, Mikhail Pkhedo, Yurgi Parfentiev and
and send a team to the factory to ensure that any prob- Viktor Borzenin; and Yuri Sitnik, who flew the
lems were solved; while it kept an eye on the Vnukovo 204 exactly as I had requested for the cover
programme, there were no commercial links with of this book, and for company promotion.
the factory or the operator. The Domodedovo division, now the Civil Aviation
So preparing a book about Tupolev was very United Enterprise, was also very helpful. My thanks to
different to writing about a Western producer, where general director Leonid Sergeev of Domodedovo and
the design and production facilities maintain close Olga Tokareva for their help, and to Tu-114 pilots and
contact. I was fortunate to be working with Andrei engineers Trifon Bashilov, Mikhail Shidlovski,
Kandalov. Andrei has worked with Tupolev the man Veniamin Malishev and Vladislav Konopko; and to
and the bureau for fifty-four years. His approach to Ivan Levandovski and Vladimir Kuznetsov, then of
much of the work matched mine, although there were Krasnoyarskavia, for their help at the beginning of the
times when he told me that he couldn't understand project.
why I wanted particular data; nevertheless, he went In Tupolev itself, my thanks are due to Valentin
searching for it. And, even though he was first deputy Klimov, the current director general, and Yuli
to the general designer until 1991, much of the data Kashtanov, his first deputy for putting up with my
was difficult and occasionally impossible even for him questions over the last few years. Lev Lanovski and
to obtain. Yuri Vorobiev, chief designer of the Tu-204
With the consent of Tupolev, we asked permission programme and the -204C respectively, and Igor
to visit many of the production factories and repair Kalygin, chief designer of the Tu-334, were always
factories. Few replied, and all except one said no. friendly and willing to help, as was Vladimir Rigmant,
Fortunately, in my six years working in Russia and the director of the excellent A. N. Tupolev museum, who
Soviet Union I had made many of my own contacts, gave considerable help in preparing the chart of the
and thus was able to visit Ulyanovsk, where the design programmes undertaken by the bureau. It was
Paul Duffy (left) and Andrei Kandalov
Lidia Kandalova
disappointing, however, to receive virtually no In closing, I would like to remind readers that
photographs from the bureau; those that are credited although Russian people are very like their Western
to Tupolev in the book came from Andrei Kandalov's counterparts, sometimes their traditions are a lot
personal files. However, I was very fortunate to receive different; for instance, a Russian would usually
an impressive range from Maksimillian Saukke, an address a colleague by the colleague's name and
engineer working in the design bureau and author of patronym, so I should call my co-author 'Andrei
several books in Russian on A. N. Tupolev; although Inokentievich'. I didn't, and he didn't expect me to.
he is not a photographer, he has collected photographs Similarly, in this book, I have adopted the Western
of relevance to the Tupolev story for many years. He practice in most places of just giving the first name
also provided the three-view drawings. (when known).
Konstantin Udalov, the general director of Avico In the three years of research for this book I have
Press, has been a Soviet aviation author and historian become painfully aware of how much is missing from
for over twenty years now. He opened his files freely it. I am conscious that there are several chapters and
to augment the photographs in this book. Valentin details not covered as well as I would like. The Soviet
Vetlitski, Avico's artist, who had previously worked as system is changing, but it will take some time to bring
a technical artist with MiG, provided the line it to the standards of information normally available
drawings, and Vasili Karpi, the editor-in-chief of the to the West. Production details is a principal example:
Russian aviation newspaper Vozdushni Transport also Andrei and I have done what we can, but it is far from
provided some photos and a lot of background complete, and virtually all of Tupolev's pre-war
material. Thierry Montigneaux, executive officer of records were destroyed as the Nazis advanced on
the Federation Aeronautique International, came up Moscow in 1941. So there are still gaps. If anyone has
with the current list of Tupolev records. any information which adds to the contents, please let
I would also like to thank my long-term friend John me know.
W. R. Taylor for his help, advice and assistance in And whatever about people, Russia's Cyrillic
preparing this book. alphabet is very different to the Roman alphabet used
A special word of thanks must go to Svetlana in the English speaking world. Thus it might just
Kirillova for the assistance she has given in the trans- happen that I have spelt a word or name slightly differ-
lation of the huge volume of documents involved in the ently in various chapters of the book. If you find it, it
preparation of the book. My Russian is very limited, follows that I didn't at the proof reading stage. I
and without her work the book would have had to wait apologise.
another ten years. And to Lidia Kandalova, Andrei's
wife, who provided enthusiasm and support for the Paul Duffy
project, not to mention excellent catering, as Andrei Shannon, Ireland
and I argued the text. June 1995
Contents
Author's note on A. N. Tupolev 8 ANT-21/MI-3 64
A. N. Tupolev 9 ANT-22/MK-1 65
Aleksei Andreevich Tupolev 19 ANT-23/I-12 67
Valentin Tikhonovich Klimov 20 ANT-25 68
The Design Bureau Story 21 ANT-26/TB-6 73
Aerosleighs 28 ANT-27/MDR-4, MTB-1 73
Airships 29 ANT-28 74
Torpedo Boats and Cutters 29 ANT-29/DIP 74
ANT-1 31 ANT-31/I-14 75
ANT-2 32 ANT-32 76
ANT-3 [R-3] 34 ANT-34 76
ANT-4/TB-1 36 ANT-35/PS-35 76
ANT-5 40 ANT-36/DB-1 77
ANT-6/TB-3 42 ANT-37/DB-2 78
ANT-7/R-6 47 ANT-38 79
ANT-8/MDR-2 50 ANT-39 79
ANT-9 51 ANT-40 80
ANT-10/R-7 55 ANT-41/T-1 84
ANT-11 55 ANT-42/TB-7 84
ANT-12/I-5 55 ANT-43 86
ANT-13/1-8 56 ANT-44/MTB-2A 86
ANT-14 57 ANT-45 87
ANT-15 59 ANT-46/DI-8 87
ANT-16/TB-4 59 ANT-47 88
ANT-17 60 ANT-48 88
ANT-18 60 ANT-49 88
ANT-19 60 ANT-50 88
ANT-20 61 ANT-51 88
[Maksim Gorki] 61 ThePE-2 89
CONTENTS
ANT-End 89 Tu-134 141
ANT-58 to -62; -65 to -67; Samolet 103 - Tu-134 Modifications 150
The Tu-2 89
Tu-142 151
ANT-63P/Tu-l 94
Tu-144 153
The ANT-64 and the Tu-4 94
Project 145 158
ANT-63/Tu-6 99
Tu-154 161
ANT-68/Tu-10 99
Tu-154 Modifications 167
ANT-69/Tu-10 99
Tu-155 168
Tu-70 99
Tu-160 169
Tu-72/Tu-73/Tu-74 and Tu-78/Tu-79 102
Tu-204 173
Tu-75 103
Tu-234 179
Project 777 The Tu-12 103
Tu-334 179
Tu-80 104
Future Designs 182
Tu-81/Tu-14 105
Tu-134 Production List - Aircraft in
Tu-82 - The First Tu-22 105 Service in 1995 184
Tu-85 106 Tu-154 Production List 188
Tu-88-TheTu-16 108 Tu-204 Production List 194
Tu-89 112 Glossary of Terms 195
Tu-91 112 Bibliography 197
Tu-92/Tu-16P 113 Designs of A. N. Tupolev OKB
1923 1993 199
Tu-95'Bear' 113
Corporate Structure of A. N. Tupolev
Tu-96 116
ANTK 206
Tu-98 116
Specifications of ANT Aerosleighs 207
Tu-104 117
Specifications of Aircraft 207
Project 105 The Tu-22 123
World Records 211
Tu-110 126
Specifications of Torpedo Boats 218
Tu-114 126
Production Figures 219
Tu-116 131
Index 228
Tu-119 132
Missiles 132
Tu-124 134
Tu-126 136
Tu-128 138