Tumor Angiogenesis and Microcirculation

640 Pages·2001·4.05 MB·english

by  Emile E. Voest

ISBN:0-8247-0264-6
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Series Introduction
TumorAngiogenesisandMicrocirculationisVolume24intheBasicandClinical
Oncology series. Many of the advances in oncology have resulted from close
interaction between the basic scientist and the clinical researcher. The current
volume follows, expands on, and illustrates the success of this relationship as
demonstrated by new therapies and promising areas for scientific research.
As editor of the series, my goal has been to recruit volume editors who
notonlyhaveestablishedreputationsbasedontheiroutstandingcontributionsto
oncology, but also have an appreciation for the dynamic interface between the
laboratory and the clinic. To date, the series has consisted of monographs on
topicssuchaschroniclymphocyticleukemia,nucleosideanalogsincancerther-
apy,therapeuticapplicationsofinterleukin-2,retinoidsinoncology,genetherapy
ofcancer,principlesofantineoplasticdrugdevelopmentandpharmacology,and
AIDS-related malignancies. Tumor Angiogenesis and Microcirculation is cer-
tainly a most important addition to the series.
Volumes in progress include works on secondary malignancies, chronic
lymphoidleukemias,andcontroversiesingynecologiconcology.Ianticipatethat
these volumes will provide a valuable contribution to the oncology literature.
Bruce D. Cheson, M.D.
iii

Preface
Inpreviousdecades,itwasrecognizedthatthedevelopmentofnewbloodvessels
is crucial to support the growth of tumors and metastases. Starting with the hy-
pothesisofDr.JudahFolkmanthattumorgrowthisangiogenesisdependent,this
areaofresearchnowhasasolidscientificfoundation.Insightintothemechanisms
through which tumors regulate angiogenesis and gain access to the circulation
has led to the development of treatment strategies targeted against the tumor
vasculature. These strategies are based mostly on the observation that newly
formedbloodvesselshavespecificcharacteristicsthatallowdiscriminationfrom
mature, resting blood vessels.
Touseantiangiogenictherapyeffectivelyrequiresasignificantadjustment
oftheconventionallineofthinkingabouttreatingcancerpatients.Whereascon-
ventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy are directed against
tumor cells, antiangiogenic therapy is aimed at the vasculature of a tumor and
will either cause total tumor regression or keep tumors in a state of dormancy.
This approachhas a significant benefitover other treatment modalities in that it
isapplicable to tumor growthin general and isnot dependentonspecific tumor
characteristics.
Becauseseveraloftheseantiangiogenicandantimetastaticapproacheshave
now reached a stage where they are being tested in clinical trials, we feel that
there is a need to highlight the current developments in this research field. The
aims of this book are therefore: a) to provide a well-balanced overview of the
current biological principles of angiogenesis and microcirculation, b) to outline
the methods involved in discovering angiogenesis stimulators and inhibitors,
v
vi Preface
c) to review promising preclinical modulators of angiogenesis, and d) to show
the recent clinical achievements and possible future applications.
We have attempted to create a book that will be of benefit not only to
basicscientistsworkinginthisfieldbutalsotoclinicians(pathologists;surgeons;
medical,radiation,andhemato-oncologists;andinternists)whowillperformfu-
ture clinical studies with angiogenesis inhibitors.
Emile E. Voest
Patricia A. D’Amore
Contents
Series Introduction Bruce D. Cheson iii
Preface v
Contributors xi
I Biological Principles of Angiogenesis
1 Endothelial Cells and Pericytes in Tumor Vasculature 1
Diane C. Darland and Patricia A. D’Amore
2 The Extracellular Matrix and the Regulation of
Angiogenesis 9
Joseph A. Madri
3 Matrix Metalloproteinases (Matrixins) and Their Inhibitors
(TIMPS) in Angiogenesis 29
Teresa A. Bennett and William G. Stetler-Stevenson
4 Regulation of Cell Migration in the Process of Angiogenesis 59
Bela Anand-Apte and Bruce R. Zetter
5 Plasmin, Plasmin Inhibitors, and Angiogenesis 73
Martijn F. B. G. Gebbink
vii
viii Contents
II Assays to Study Angiogenesis
6 Assays to Study Angiogenesis 91
Robert Auerbach and Wanda Auerbach
7 Screening for Angiogenesis Inhibitors with the Chick
Chorioallantoic Membrane and the Mouse Corneal Micropocket
Assays 103
Robert J. D’Amato
8 Capillary Morphogenesis In Vitro: Cytokine Interactions and
Balanced Proteolysis 111
Roberto Montesano and Michael S. Pepper
9 Skin Fold Chamber Models 143
Michael Leunig and Konrad Messmer
10 Protease Assays and Their Use in the Discovery of Novel
Regulators of Angiogenesis 155
Li Yan, Inmin Wu, and Marsha A. Moses
III Angiogenic Factors
11 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/Vascular Permeability
Factor: Multiple Biological Activities for Promoting
Angiogenesis 167
Donald R. Senger
12 Tie Receptors, Ang Ligands 185
Yuji Gunji, Arja Kaipainen, Kristiina Iljin, Eola Kukk-Valdre,
Berndt Enholm, and Kari Alitalo
13 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors 199
Arja Kaipainen, Eija Korpelainen, and Kari Alitalo
14 Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
Expression 213
Ilan Stein and Eli Keshet
15 Fibroblast Growth Factors 227
David A. Moscatelli and Daniel B. Rifkin
Contents ix
16 Role of Proangiogenic Cytokines and Inhibitors of
Neovascularization in Tumor Angiogenesis 265
Peter J. Polverini and Robert M. Strieter
IV Regulation of Angiogenesis
17 The Link Between Oncogenes, Signal Transduction Therapy,
and Tumor Angiogenesis 285
Robert S. Kerbel, Alicia Viloria-Petit, Futoshi Okada,
and Janusz Rak
18 Genetic Control of Angiogenesis by Tumor Suppressor Genes 307
Maartje Los and Emile E. Voest
19 Regulation of Neoplastic Angiogenesis by the Organ
Microenvironment 321
Rakesh Kumar and Isaiah J. Fidler
20 Role of Macrophages in Tumor Angiogenesis 335
Peter J. Polverini
21 Phenotypic Analysis of Endothelium from the Tumor
Vasculature 349
Gerard Groenewegen and Arjan W. Griffioen
V Angiogenesis Inhibitors: Preclinical and Clinical Drugs
22 Drug Delivery and Angiogenesis Inhibition in the Treatment of
Brain Tumors 361
Laurence D. Rhines, Matthew G. Ewend, and Henry Brem
23 Matrix-Associated Endogenous Inhibitors of Angiogenesis 375
Raghu Kalluri and Vikas P. Sukhatme
24 a vb 3 and Its Antagonists in the Control of Angiogenesis 387
Brian P. Eliceiri and David A. Cheresh
25 The Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in
Angiogenesis 399
Napoleone Ferrara