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Tuberculosis The Microbe Host Interface Edited by Larry S. Schlesinger The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA and Lucy E. DesJardin University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242, USA Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First published 2004 by Horizon Bioscience Published 2021 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2004 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works ISBN 13: 978-0-9545232-1-3 (hbk) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Contents List of Contributors vi Preface viii Chapter 1 1 Mycobacterial Entry and Growth Using In Vitro Macrophage Models Zahra Toossi and Larry S. Schlesinger Chapter 2 25 Analysis of Post-Phagocytic Events Daniel L. Clemens Chapter 3 77 Analysis of Macrophage Signaling Following M. tuberculosis Infection David Kusner Chapter 4 103 The Acquired Immune Response to M. tuberculosis W. Henry Boom Chapter 5 137 New In Vitro Models of Mycobacterial Pathogenesis Frederick D. Quinn, Luiz E. Bermudez and Kristin A. Birkness Chapter 6 163 Animal Models in the Analysis of Pathogenesis Andrea M. Cooper Chapter 7 187 Analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Gene Expression in the Human Host Josephine E. Clark-Curtiss and Lucy E. DesJardin Chapter 8 227 Analysis of Latency John Chan and JoAnne Flynn iii Chapter 9 251 Molecular Epidemiology: Clinical Utility, Public Health Implication, and Relevance to Pathogenesis Peter F. Barnes and M.Donald Cave Index 277 IV Books of Related Interest Metabolic Engineering in the Post-genomic Era 2004 Peptide Nucleic Acids: Protocols and Applications, 2nd Edition 2004 MRSA: Current Perspectives 2003 Genome Mapping and Sequencing 2003 Frontiers in Computational Genomics 2003 Regulatory Networks in Prokaryotes 2003 Bioremediation: A Critical Review 2003 Bioinformatics and Genomes: Current Perspectives 2003 Vaccine Delivery Strategies 2003 Probiotics and Prebiotics 2002 Genomic Technologies: Present and Future 2002 Genomics of GC-Rich Gram Positive Bacteria 2002 Frontiers in Computional Genomics 2002 Emerging Strategies in the Fight Against Meningitis 2002 Microbial Multidrug Efflux 2002 Molecular Ecology of Biofilms 2002 Environmental Molecular Microbiology: Protocols and Applications 2001 The Spirochetes: Molecular and Cellular Biology 2001 Development of Novel Antimicrobial Agents 2001 H. pylori: Molecular and Cellular Biology 2001 Flow Cytometry for Research Scientists: Principles and Applications 2001 For further information on these books contact: Horizon Bioscience Tel: +44(0)1953-601106 32 Hewitts Lane, Wymondham Fax: +44(0)1953-603068 Norfolk Internet: www.horizonbioscience.coi NNRR1188 OOJJAA,, UUKK OOuurr WWeebb ssiittee hhaass ddeettaaiillss ooff aallll oouurr bbooookkss iinncclluuddiinngg ffuullll cchhapter abstracts, book reviews, and ordering information: V Contributors Peter F. Barnes M. Donald Cave CPIDC Dept. Anatomy and Neurobiology Departments of Medicine University of Arkansas Microbiology and Immunology Med. Sci. and Med. Res. Service University of Texas Health Center Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare 11937 US Hwy. 271 System Tyler Little Rock, AR TX 75708 USA USA e-mail: [email protected] John Chan Albert Einstein College of Medicine Luiz E. Bermudez Depts. of Microbiol, and Immunol. Department of Biomedical Sciences 1300 Morris Park Ave. Oregon State University Bronx Corvallis NY 10461 OR 97331 USA USA e-mail: [email protected] email: luiz. [email protected] Josephine E. Clark-Curtiss Dept, of Biology Kristin A. Birkness Washington University AIDS, STD and TB Lab Research Campus Box 1137 National Center for Infect Diseases St. Louis Centers for Disease Control & Prevent. MO 63130-4499 Atlanta USA GA 30333 e-mail : clarkcur@biology. wustl. edu USA email: [email protected] Daniel L. Clemens Univ. of California at Los Angeles W. Henry Boom Department of Medicine Tuberculosis Research Unit 37-121 CHS Case Western Reserve University UCLA School of Medicine 10900 Euclid Ave. Los Angeles CA 90095 Cleveland USA OH 44106-4984 e mail: [email protected] USA e-mail: [email protected] VI Andrea Cooper Frederick D. Quinn Trudeau Institute Inc. Dept, of Med. Microbiol. & Parasitol. 100 Algonquin Ave. College of Veterinary Medicine Saranac Lake University of Georgia NY 12983 Athens USA GA 30602 e-mail: [email protected] USA e-mail: [email protected] Lucy DesJardin University Hygenic Laboratory Larry S. Schlesinger University of Iowa Division of Infectious Diseases 102 Oakdale HallHlOl-OH Center for Microbial Interface Biology Oakdale Campus The Ohio State University Iowa City 456 W. 10th Avenue IA 52242 Columbus USA Ohio 43210 e-mail: [email protected] USA e-mail: schlesinger-2@medctr. osu. edu JoAnne Flynn Depts of Mol. Genetics and Biochem. Zahra Toossi University Pittsburg School Medicine Division of Infectious Disease Pittsburg Department of Medicine PA 15261 Case Western Reserve University USA 11100 Euclid Ave. Cleveland OH 44106 David Kusner USA Univ. of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics e-mail: [email protected] Division of Infectious Diseases 200 Hawkins Drive SW54 General Hospital Iowa City Iowa 52242 USA e-mail: [email protected] VII Preface It has been approximately 120 years since Robert Koch identified the bacillus that causes tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Despite its early identification, fundamental questions remain regarding the pathogenesis of this microbe. Disturbingly, TB is reappearing in many countries as a public health crisis and continues as an epidemic worldwide. A staggering 2 to 3 million people around the globe die of TB each year, and estimated 2 billion are infected with M. tuberculosis and consequently are at risk for reactivation of disease. In the 20th century, the United States made impressive strides in TB control. TB rates steadily declined from approximately 200 deaths per 100,000 per year to less than 1 death per 100,000 in 1985. Following 1985, however, the United States saw a reversal in the downward trend of TB incidence with increased rates of drug resistant bacterial strains, HIV co-infection, and a continued influx of immigrants from countries where TB is common. With a huge mobilization of public health resources, cases of TB have once again been declining since 1992. However, the rate of decline is slowing and recently several national agencies, including the Institutes of Medicine, have warned against complacency and neglect for this disease. There are three major phases of TB in humans. The first is primary infection, in which innate immunity plays a major role. The second is latency, in which the individual remains healthy with a very low burden of viable, metabolically altered bacteria. The third phase is reactivation disease, which occurs in approximately 10% of healthy infected individuals. Beginning in the 1980’s, enhanced awareness of the mounting TB burden resulted in an increase in the resources and research directed to TB. Our knowledge has increased markedly in the area of innate immunity and TB with improved models of primary infection. On the other hand, models to study latency are more limited, and in reactivation disease the host-microbe interactions are extraordinarily complex to model. To date, few new fundamental discoveries in TB have translated into clinical practice. However, new vaccine strategies are on the horizon that hold promise for increased efficacy, compared to the current BCG vaccine. We have recently witnessed an explosion of information regarding the molecular genetics of M. tuberculosis. Knowledge gleaned from the genome has increased the pace and breadth of scientific discovery. We are now moving forward with investigation in the post genomics era. In order to more effectively acquire knowledge that is translatable into new diagnostics, therapies, and vaccines, there is now more need than ever for a multidisciplinary approach to study of the M. tuberculosis-host interaction. The title of this book “Tuberculosis: The Microbe Host Interface” emphasizes the requirement for input from scientists in a variety of scientific disciplines, such as Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Pathology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, to successfully attack this complex interaction. vm The major goal of this book is to present state-of-the-art technical strategies and emerging methodologies used for understanding the nature of the host response to infection with M. tuberculosis. Our current knowledge of the field, based on these methodologies, is also presented. Finally, different technical approaches are compared, and their strengths and weaknesses are highlighted. These chapters broadly encompass current and evolving in vitro assays, animal models, and approaches to the study of latency and molecular epidemiology. It is hoped that in addition to providing current knowledge on TB pathogenesis, this book will enable new investigators from a variety of disciplines to develop more sophisticated models for the study of all three phases of TB. The editors wish to thank Amanda MacFarlane, PhD for administrative assistance and Deb Nollen-Richter for editorial assistance. The concept of the book and its chapters originated at the University of Iowa during a number of discussions among members of the Schlesinger laboratory. Larry Schlesinger Lucy Des Jardin ix