Tuberculosis of the Central Nervous System: Pathogenesis, Imaging, and Management

615 Pages·2017·35.398 MB·English

by  Mehmet Turgut, Ali Akhaddar, Ahmet T. Turgut, Ravindra K. Garg (eds.)

Tuberculosis of
the Central
Nervous System
Pathogenesis, Imaging,
and Management
Mehmet Turgut
Ali Akhaddar
Ahmet T. Turgut
Ravindra K. Garg
Editors
123
Tuberculosis of the Central
Nervous System
Mehmet Turgut • Ali Akhaddar
Ahmet T. Turgut • Ravindra K. Garg
Editors
Tuberculosis of the
Central Nervous System
Pathogenesis, Imaging,
and Management
Editors
Mehmet Turgut Ahmet T. Turgut
Adnan Menderes University Hacettepe University
School of Medicine School of Medicine
Aydın, Turkey Ankara, Turkey
Ali Akhaddar Ravindra K. Garg
Mohammed V University in Rabat King George Medical University
Avicenne Military Hospital of Lucknow, UP, India
Marrakech
Rabat, Morocco
ISBN 978-3-319-50711-8 ISBN 978-3-319-50712-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-50712-5
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017940255
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017
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Preface
Tuberculosis is still a major public health challenge for most of the devel-
oping world and is increasingly recognized in developed countries due to
mass immigration, refugee movements, international traveling, and immu-
nocompromised patients. Known since ancient civilizations, it has received
a great deal of attention among the various scientific communities. However,
tuberculosis of the central nervous system and its covering did not receive a
comparable large interest in the medical literature. In spite of all the advances
in biological/infectious investigations, imaging techniques, and therapeutic
methods, optimal management of neurotuberculosis is still controversial
owing to the limited individual experience and the variable clinical course
of the condition.
With the introduction of multidisciplinary team approach, a need has
become evident for a timely and concise book that provides a comprehensive
and updated review of basic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of central ner-
vous system tuberculosis that will be of value to the medical community and
researchers involved in the care of patients affected by this old disease.
The format of the material presented is categorized into eight sections that
include general considerations, tuberculosis of the brain and its coverings,
tuberculosis of the spine and its coverings, tuberculosis of the cranial and
peripheral nerves, laboratory studies in neurotuberculosis, therapy of tuber-
culosis of the nervous system and its coverings, an overview of tuberculosis
disease, and further insights into tuberculosis.
This book of 39 chapters is written by more than 100 authors who are
world-renowned specialists in their respective fields of interests. Tuberculosis
of the Central Nervous System: Pathogenesis, Imaging, and Management
would not have been possible without the enthusiastic response from these
contributors who shared their expertise in this richly illustrated book. The
editors sincerely thank all of them.
Our particular thanks go also to the Springer personnel for their patience
and experienced advice in the production of this work. We also like to thank
our families for their support and devotion. Finally, our gratitude goes to our
patients for having given us the opportunity to be a part of their lives.
Aydın, Turkey Mehmet Turgut, MD, PhD
Marrakech, Morocco Ali Akhaddar, MD, IFAANS
Ankara, Turkey Ahmet T. Turgut, MD
Lucknow, India Ravindra K. Garg, MD, DM
v
Contents
Part I General Considerations
1 Historical Preview and Epidemiology of Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . 3
Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq and Ziad A. Memish
2 Human Genetics of Tuberculosis of the Nervous System . . . . . . 11
Jamila El Baghdadi, Safa El Azbaoui, Fatima Ailal,
Ali Akhaddar, Ayoub Sabri, Xiao-Fei Kong,
Ahmed Aziz Bousfiha, Jean Laurent Casanova, Laurent Abel,
and Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
3 Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . 23
Mohammad A. Bosaeed and Adel Alothman
4 Pathology of Tuberculosis of the Nervous System (Tuberculous
Meningitis, Tuberculoma, Tuberculous Abscess) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Kiran Preet Malhotra and Dinkar Kulshreshtha
Part II Tuberculosis of the Brain and Its Coverings
5 Scalp and the Calvarium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Prasad Krishnan
6 Dura Mater and Epidural Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Erdal Kalkan, Fatih Erdi, Yaşar Karataş, and Bülent Kaya
7 Subdural Space of the Brain and Its Coverings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Sailike Duishanbai, Mohammad Sami, Geng Dangmurenjiafu,
and Mehmet Turgut
8 Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and Deep Structures of the Brain . . . . 79
Forhad Hossain Chowdhury, Mohammod Raziul Haque,
and Mainul Haque Sarker
9 Brainstem Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Md Zahed Hossain, Ali Akhaddar, Ahmet T. Turgut,
and Forhad H. Chowdhury
10 Ventricles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Mohammed Benzagmout, Amadou Hassane Ali,
and Meryem Himmiche
vii
viii Contents
11 Sellar-Suprasellar Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Nayil Khursheed, Rumana Makhdoomi, and Ahmet T. Turgut
12 Vascular Complications of Tuberculous Meningitis . . . . . . . . . 139
Hardeep Singh Malhotra and Ravindra K. Garg
13 Imaging Findings of Tuberculosis of the Brain
and Its Coverings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Mohammad Ali Karimi, Morteza Sanei Taheri,
and Ahmet T. Turgut
14 Surgical Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Ali Akhaddar
Part III Tuberculosis of the Spine and Its Coverings
15 Pott’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Mehmet Turgut, Ahmet T. Turgut, and Ali Akhaddar
16 Spinal Dura Mater and Epidural Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Andreas F. Mavrogenis, Vasilios G. Igoumenou,
Panayiotis D. Megaloikonomos, Ahmet T. Turgut,
Ali Akhaddar, and Mehmet Turgut
17 Spinal Subdural Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Ahmet T. Turgut, Elif Karadeli, Pelin Demir,
Mehmet Turgut, and Ali Akhaddar
18 Spinal Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Manish Jaiswal
19 Imaging Findings of Tuberculosis of the Spine
and Its Coverings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Elif Karadeli and Ahmet T. Turgut
20 Surgical Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Rajab Ali and Amir Jalil
21 Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery
for Tubercular Spondylitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Roop Singh
Part IV Tuberculosis of the Cranial and Peripheral Nerves
22 Optochiasmatic Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Neeraj Kumar, Ravindra K. Garg,
and Hardeep Singh Malhotra
23 Peripheral Neuropathy Due to Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Bhushan Malhari Warpe
Contents ix
24 Imaging Findings of Tuberculosis of the Cranial
and Peripheral Nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Mudit Gupta, Jitender Saini, and Rakesh Kumar Gupta
Part V Laboratory Studies in Neuro-Tuberculosis
25 Traditional and New Laboratory Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Güliz U. Güleç and Ahmet T. Turgut
26 Methods of Microbiological Confirmation in Tuberculous
Meningitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Amita Jain
Part VI T herapy of Tuberculosis of the Nervous System
and Its Coverings
27 Medical Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Şule T. Gülen, Mehmet Turgut, Güliz U. Güleç,
Ahmet T. Turgut, and Ali Akhaddar
28 Surgical Therapy of Tuberculosis of the Nervous System
and Its Coverings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Walter A. Hall, Ahmet T. Turgut, and Mehmet Turgut
29 Hydrocephalus Surgery in Childhood Tuberculous
Meningitis with Hydrocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Anthony Figaji, Graham Fieggen, and Ursula Rohlwink
30 Role of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy
in Tuberculous Meningitis with Hydrocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Y.R. Yadav, Nishtha Yadav, Vijay Parihar, Shailendra Ratre,
and Jitin Bajaj
31 Surgical Treatment of Spinal Tuberculosis Complicated
with Extensive Abscess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Arun K. Srivastava, Jayesh Sardhara, Chaitanya Godbole,
and Sanjay Behari
32 Surgery for Multifocal Spinal Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Pedro Fernandes, Joaquim Soares do Brito, and Ahmet T. Turgut
33 Concurrent Occurrence of Brain Tuberculoma Along
with Spinal Cord Tuberculoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Özüm Tunçyürek, Mehmet Turgut, Elif Karadeli, Yelda Özsunar,
and Ahmet T. Turgut
34 Paradoxical Worsening of Tuberculosis
of the Nervous System During Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Vimal Kumar Paliwal
x Contents
35 Tuberculosis of the Nervous System
in Immunocompromised Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Mehdi Laghmari, Gedéon Thouassa, Davis Mpando,
and Said Ait Benali
36 Management of Multidrug- Resistant Tuberculosis
Involving the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Dwarakanath Srinivas and Pragyan Sarma
37 Outcome of Tuberculosis of the Nervous System
and Its Coverings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Ahmed Elsawaf
Part VII Tuberculosis in Humans
38 An Overview of Tuberculosis: What You Need to Know . . . . . 541
Kristina Galic
Part VIII Further Insights into Tuberculosis
39 In Vitro and Animal Models of Tuberculosis
of the Nervous System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Onur Yazici, Ahmet T. Turgut, and Mehmet Turgut
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Author Index � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 563
Subject Index ���������������������������������������������� 619
Part I
General Considerations