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tt¯and single top cross sections at the Tevatron ElizavetaShabalina1,a fortheCDFandD0collaborations Georg-August-Universita¨tGo¨ttingen,Friedrich-Hund-Platz1,D-37077Go¨ttingen,Germany 2 Abstract. We present a summary of the latest measurements of the top pair and single top cross sections 1 performedbytheCDFandD0collaborationsattheFermilabTevatroncollider. 0 2 n 1 Introduction their energy,and buildinga discriminantfromthese vari- a ables using one of the multivariate techniques. The cross J TheFermilabTevatroncolliderendeditsrunonSeptember section is then extracted from a binned maximum likeli- 1 30,2011afterdeliveringmorethan10 fb 1of pp¯collision hood fit to data. The same idea is used to extract single − 3 data per experiment at √s = 1.96 TeV. A large sample topcrosssectionwiththedifferencethatforthelatterone of top quarks collected by the CDF and D0 experiments hasto includemanymorediscriminatingvariablesdueto ] x allowstoperformprecisionmeasurementsoftheirproduc- averypoorsignaloverbackground(S/B)ratio. e tionwhichispredictedtooccurwithinthestandardmodel Thesecondapproachmakesuseofthepresenceofab- - (SM)eitherinpairsviastronginteractionsorassingletop p quarkintopquarkdecaywhilethemajorbackgroundsare e events via electroweak interactions. Such measurements dominatedby light jets production.Thus the requirement h represent an important test of the theoretical calculations ofatleastonejetpereventbeidentifiedasab-jetimproves [ which predict the tt¯and single top production cross sec- significantlyS/Bandallowstoextracttt¯crosssectionfrom tionswithaprecisionof6%to8% [1]and5%[2],respec- 1 acountingexperiment. v tively.Precisemeasurementsoftoppaircrosssection(σtt¯) D0 performed tt¯cross section measurement with 5.3 3 indifferenttt¯finalstatesandsingletopproductionviadif- fb 1of data by selecting events with 2 jets and split- 5 ferentproductionmechanismsarehighlydesirableasthey − ≥ tingthemintosubsamplesaccordingtothenumberofjets 6 are sensitive to the non-SM particles that may appear in 6 topquarkproductionordecays. and b-tags[3]. In the backgrounddominatedsubsamples, . i.e., two jet events, three jet events with < 2 b-tags and 1 events with at least four jets and no b-tags, Random For- 0 est (RF) discriminant is built to separate signal from the 2 2 Top quark pair production crosssections 1 background. In the signal dominated ones, with at least : four jets and three jets with two b-tags, the b-tag count- v Within the SM, top quark decays to a W boson and a b- ing is used. Cross section is extracted from the simulta- i quark with almost 100% probability. Thus, tt¯events can X neous fit to data of the RF discriminant and the number create final states with two leptons (dilepton channel) if ofb-tagsdistributionacrossdifferentjetmultiplicitiescon- r bothW bosonsfromtopquarkdecayleptonicallyintoeν , a e strainingmanysystematicuncertaintieswhichareincluded µν or τν , single lepton (ℓ + jets channel) with one W µ τ asnuisanceparametersinthefit.Themeasuredcrosssec- bosondecayingleptonicallyandanotheronehadronically tionyieldsσ =7.78+0.77(stat+syst+lumi)pb,achieving into qq¯ , or no leptons (all hadronic channel) if both W tt 0.64 ′ arelativeprecisionbe−low10%.Thelatterislimitedbythe bosonsdecayhadronically. systematicuncertaintieswiththelargestcontributionfrom thedeterminationofintegratedluminosity(6.1%). 2.1 ℓ+jetschannel The CDF collaboration significantly reduces the de- pendence on the luminosity measurement and its associ- The ℓ +jets channel provides the most precise measure- ated large systematic uncertainty by exploiting the corre- mentsofthett¯productioncrosssectionduetoitsrelatively lation between the luminosity measurementsfor Z boson andtt¯production[4].CDFanalysiscomputestheratioof large branching and manageable background dominated the tt¯to Z boson cross section, measured using the same by the productionof W bosonsin association with heavy andlightflavorjets(W+jets).Twoapproachesareusedto triggers and dataset, and multiplies this ratio by the pre- discriminate tt¯signal from the background.The first one ciselyknowntheoreticalZcrosssection,thusreplacingthe exploits differences in kinematic properties of signal and luminosityuncertaintywiththesmallertheoreticalandex- W+jetsbackground.Itreliesonselectinganumberofdis- perimentaluncertaintiesonZ crosssection.Usingthisap- criminatingvariables,typicallyrelatedtodifferentfeatures proach in the dataset of 4.6 fb−1CDF collaboration mea- sures cross section using two methods: by constructing a oftheevents,suchasangulardistributionsoftheobjectsor neuralnetwork(NN)discriminantbasedonkinematicin- a e-mail:[email protected] formationandbycountingb-tags.Statistical combination EPJWebofConferences Events / 0.1Events / 0.1Events / 0.1223223223050050050000000000000000000 DØ, L=DtOW5t.at3+ht jaeefbrts -1 ber of eventsber of eventsber of events456456456000000000000000000 DØ, L=5.3 fb-1 / binNevents 450000 dtWQtaC+taDje tMsultijet 111555000000 mmm 300 Multijets NuNuNu333000000 111000000000 200 222000000 555000000 111000000 100 000000 000...111 000...222 000...333 000...444 000...555 000...666 000...777 000...888 000...999 111 000 222 333 ≥≥≥444 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 RRRFFF dddiiissscccrrriiimmmiiinnnaaannnttt NNNuuummmbbbeeerrr ooofff jjjeeetttsss NN output Fig.1.RFdiscriminantoutputforeventswiththreejetsandnob-tags(left)andjetmultiplicityspectrumofeventswithatleast2b-tags (middle)fromD0analysis,NNoutputforeventswith 3jetsfromCDFanalysis(right). ≥ ofthesetwomeasurementsyieldsthemostprecisetopquark CDF Run II Preliminary (5.1 fb-1) crosssectionmeasurementtodateofσ = 7.70 0.52pb tt ± 990000 data witharelativeuncertaintyof7%.Allcrosssectionsquoted Bkgd ± 1σ uncertainty 880000 tt (σ = 7.4 pb) above assume top quark mass mt = 172.5 GeV. Figure 1 770000 WW/WZ/ZZ DY (left)showstheRFdiscriminantdistributionforeventswith 660000 Fake three jets and no b-tags and Fig. 1 (middle) shows the ntsnts550000 jetmultiplicitydistributionforeventswithatleasttwo b- veve EE440000 tags in D0 data compared to the background model pre- 330000 dictionandtt¯signalcontributioncalculatedusingthemea- 220000 suredcrosssection.Figure1(right)showstheNNoutput 110000 usedtoextractthett¯crosssectioninthekinematicanalysis byCDF, forsimulatedsignalandbackgroundevents,and 00 00 jjeett 11 jjeett ≥≥ 22 jjeett HHTT>>220000++OOSS data. Fig.2.Jetmultiplicityspectrumofpretagevents. 2.2 Dileptonchannel of 12% resulting in σ = 7.36+0.90(stat+syst+lumi)pb. Lowbackground,characteristicofthedileptonchanneland tt 0.79 Theresultisdominatedbythes−ystematicuncertaintywith dominatedbythedibosonandZbosonproductioninasso- thelargestuncertaintyfromluminosityof0.57pb.Figure3 ciationwithjets,allowstousesimplecountingmethodsto shows the outputof the b-taggingdiscriminantfor events extract tt¯cross section. The disadvantage of this channel withatleasttwojetsineµchannelindataandsimulation. isitslowbranchingfractionwhichmadeσ measurement tt¯ statistically limited until recently.The CDF collaboration uses5.1 fb 1ofdatatomeasureσ inthedileptonchannel − tt¯ using 343 candidate events in the pretag sample and 137 ntsnts (c) DØ, L=5.4 fb-1 eventsafterb-jetidentificationrequirement[5].Bothmea- veve115500 eµ+2jet surementsareingoodagreementwitheachotherandyield EE Z(+jets): 30 σ =7.40 0.58(stat) 0.63(syst) 0.45(lumi)pbforthe tt ± ± ± 110000 WW/WZ/ZZ: 9 pretaganalysisandσ = 7.25 0.66(stat) 0.47(syst) Instrumental: 23 tt ± ± ± 0.44(lumi)pbfortheb-taggedone.Statisticalandsystem- t t: 192 aticuncertaintiesarecomparableforbothapproaches.The DATA: 281 5500 b-taggedanalysishasasmallersystematicuncertaintydue toasignificantlylowerbackgroundswhichhaverelatively large uncertainties and achieves a precision below 13%. 00 00 55 1100 Figure2showsjetmultiplicityspectruminthepretagsam- bb--ttaaggggiinngg NNNN ddiissccrriimmiinnaanntt ple. The D0 collaboration uses a more complicated new Fig. 3. Expected and observed distributions for the smallest b- techniquetomeasureσ in5.4 fb 1ofdata[6].Inaddition tagging NN discriminant output of the two leading jets for eµ tt¯ − to events with at least two jets this analysis uses one-jet eventswith 2jets. ≥ events in eµ channel and extracts σ from the likelihood tt¯ fittothedistriminantbasedontheD0NNb-taggingalgo- rithm.Thealgorithmcombinesinformationabouttheim- 2.3 Combinationofthecrosssections pactparametersofthetracksandvariablesthatcharacter- ize the propertiesof the reconstructed secondary vertices Up to now tt¯productioncross sections were measured at inasinglediscriminant.Thecrosssectionismeasuredby the Tevatron in all channels except for the one with two simultaneously fitting the distributions of the smallest of hadronic taus in the final state using a variety of meth- thetwob-taggingNNoutputvaluesofthetwoleadingjets ods.Allmeasurementsare inagreementwiththe theoret- inthefourchannelswithsystematicuncertaintiesincluded icalcalculations.Figure4(5)showsasummaryofthere- inthefit.Thisapproachallowstoconstraintheuncertain- sults from the D0 (CDF) experiment. A recent combina- tiesandachievethebestprecisioninthedileptonchannel tion of dilepton and ℓ + jets cross section measurements 2011HadronColliderPhysicssymposium(HCP-2011),Paris,France,November14-182011 with 5.4fb 1byD0 yieldsσ = 7.56+0.63pbwhichcorre- ingSMrelativeproductionratesfort-ands-channels)us- − tt 0.56 spondstoa relativeuncertaintyof(+−8.3-7.4)%[6].Com- ing three different multivariate discriminants constructed binationofthebestCDFmeasurementsindifferentchan- usingBoostedDecisionTrees[10],BayesianNeuralNet- nelsachievesrelativeuncertaintyof6.4%andyieldsσ = work(BNN)[11]andNeuroevolutionofAugmentedTopolo- tt¯ 7.50 0.48pb[7]foratopmassof172.5GeV. gies [12]. The outputs of individual methods have corre- ± D Run II July 2011 lation of 70% and are combinedusing second BNN. The le5p.4t ofbn 1+jets + dileptons (PLB) 7.40 + 00 . .11 99 + 00 .. 55 07 pb measuredcrosssectionis[9]σ((s+t)) = 3.43+00..7734pband le5p.3t ofbn 1+jets (topo + b-tagged, PRD) 7.65 + 00 . .22 55 + 00 .. 57 75 pb hthaesd2i1sc%rimreilnaatinvtefoprreacicsoiomnb.inFeigdusre+6tcshhoawnnsetlh(−eleoftu)tapnudt os-f d5il.e4 pfbt o 1ns (topo + b-tagged, PLB) 7.27 + 00 ..44 55 + 00 . .76 63 pb channel(middle) for the signal region.In these plots, the le1p.0t ofbn 1+track (b-tagged)* 5.0 + 11 ..64 + 00 .. 89 –0.3 pb binsaresortedasafunctionoftheexpectedS/Bratiosuch ta2u.2+ flbe 1pton (b-tagged)* 7.32 + 11 .. 32 44 + 11 ..2 0 06 –0.45 pb that S/B increases monotonically within the range of the ta1u.0+ fjbe 1ts (b-tagged, PRD) 6.30 + 11 ..10 59 + 0 0 .. 67 72 –0.40 pb discriminant.Figure6(right)showsthedistributionofone al1lj.0e tfbs 1(b-tagged, PRD) 6.9 ( +s 1t1 a ..3t3 ) ( + s 11 y ..s 44t ) (–lu0m.4i ) pb omfatshse, fmorosthteporewgeiorfnulodfilsacrrgime vinaalutiengfovrasriigabnlaelsd,itsocprimquinarak- mtop = 175 GeV MN.. KCiadcocniaakrii se ta anld., RJH. VEoPg 0t,8 P0R9,D 1 7287, (027040080)5 (2008) tion (S/B > 0.24).Combined s+t contributionis clearly CTEQ6.6M S. Moch and P. Uwer, PRD 78, 034003 (2008) visible in the plotswhile the signalpresensein s-channel 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 discriminantisnotsignificant. * = preliminary red = 2011 result σ(pp→ tt + X) [pb] Given that potential contributions from new physics blue = 2010 results scenarios can affect only one of the channels it is impor- Fig.4.Summaryoftheσ measurementsbytheD0experiment. tt¯ tanttoperformsingletopcrosssectionmeasurementsins- and t-channels separately. Using same data set as for the combined s + t measurement D0 collaboration performs model-independent measurement of t-channel single top production [13]. In this analysis, two-dimensional poste- 7.2 CKiadcocniaarki ise t& a lV.,o agrtX, iavr:X08iv0:048.20850.308 (4240 0(280)08) Assume mt=172.5 GeV/c2 rior probability density is constructed as a function of t- Moch & Uwer, arXiv:0807.2794 (2008) and s-channelcrosssectionswithoutconstraintontherel- Dile(pLt=o n5.1 fb-1) 7.40 ± 0.58 ± 0.63 ± 0.45 ative rate of these contributions. Posterior distribution is integrated over s-channel axis to obtain one dimentional Lep(tLo=n +4j.e6t sfb (-t1o)pological) 7.82 ± 0.38 ± 0.37 ± 0.15 posteriorprobabilitydensityusedtoextractt-channelcross Lep(tLo=n +4j.e3t sfb (-b1)-tagged) 7.32 ± 0.36 ± 0.59 ± 0.14 section.Thelatterismeasuredtobeσ(t)=2.90±0.59pb. The observed (expected) significance of the result is 5.5 All-h(La=d r2o.n9i cfb-1) 7.21 ± 0.50 ± 1.10 ± 0.42 (4.6)standarddeviations.Crosssectionins-channelisob- ME(TL+=> 23.je2t sfb-1) 7.99 ± 0.55 ± 0.76 ± 0.46 tainedinasimilarwaybyintegratingovert-channelaxis: σ(s)=0.98 0.63pb. ME(TL+=2 5/3.7je tfsb-1) 7.11 ± 0.49 ± 0.96 ± 0.43 Themos±tprecisemeasurementinthe s-channelisob- (stat) ± (syst) ± (lumi) tained by the CDF collaborationσ(s) = 1.8+0.7pb in the 4 5 6 7σ(pp →8 tt) (pb)9 10 11 12 single top observation analysis using 3.2fb−1−o0.f5data [14] with the significance of the signal exceeding 3 standard Fig. 5. Summary of the σ measurements by the CDF experi- tt¯ deviations. ment. 4 Measurementsof V tb | | SingletopproductionallowstoprobeWtbinteractionsince 3 Production of single top quarks itsproductionrateisproportionaltothe V 2 mixingma- tb | | trix element. The latter can be measured directly without AttheTevatronsingletopquarksareproducedeitherbya any assumption on the number of quark families and the t-channelexchangeofavirtualW bosonwhichproducesa unitarityof the CKM matrix.D0 collaborationusescom- topquarkviainteractionwithab-quark,orbyans-channel bineds+tcrosssectionmeasurementtoextract V assum- exchangeofanoff-shellW bosonwhichdecaysintoatop tb | | ingthattopquarksdecayexclusivelyintoWbandthatWtb andabquark.Thethirdprocess,associatedproductionofa interactionisCP-conservingandofV Atype.Theseas- W bosonandatopquark,hasanegligibleproductionrate − sumptionsallowananomalousstrengthoftheleft-handed at the Tevatron. Approximate NNLO calculation [2] pre- Wtbcoupling(fL).Assumingthemeasuredsingletopcross dictst-channel(s-channel)crosssectiontobe2.26 0.12 1 pfibcu(l1t.b0e4c±au0s.0e4opfbth).eOreblsaetirvvealtyiosnmoafllthcerossinsgsleecttioopn[a8n]±disvdeirfy- tsreicbtuiotinon[s9]fr|Vomtbft1Lh|e=th1e.o0r2e+−ti00c..11a01l.uUnncceertratainintiteiessoinncthluedes-caonnd- largebackground,andrequirestousepowerfulmultivari- t-channelproductioncrosssections.If fL isassumedtobe 1 atetechniques. unityand Vtb in [0,1]region,a limit Vtb > 0.79at 95% | | | | C.L.isextracted. A measurementof σ can be used to study V indi- tt¯ tb | | 3.1 Crosssectionmeasurements rectlybymeasuringtheratioofbranchingfractions RecentanalysisoftheD0collaborationuses5.4fb 1ofdata (t Wb) V 2 andmeasurescombineds+tchannelcrosssection−(assum- R= B(t→Wq) = V 2 +|Vtb |2 + V 2 tb ts td B → | | | | | | EPJWebofConferences 4]4] (f) DØ, 5.4 fb -1 2]2] 3300 (b) DØ, 5.4 fb -1 V]V] (d) DØ, 5.4 fb -1 00 00 ee 0.0. 2200 Data 0.0. Data GG nts/nts/ 1155 tWb++tjeqtbs nts/nts/ 2200 ttbq b ts/5ts/5 110000 veve tt veve W+jets enen [E[E 1100 Multijets [E[E tt EvEv Yield Yield 55 Yield Yield 1100 Multijets Yield [Yield [ 5500 00 00 00 00..88 00..8855 00..99 00..9955 11 00..88 00..8855 00..99 00..9955 11 114400 116600 118800 220000 222200 RRaannkkeedd BB ddiissccrriimmiinnaanntt RRaannkkeedd BB ddiissccrriimmiinnaanntt TToopp QQuuaarrkk MMaassss [[GGeeVV]] ttbb++ttqqbb ttbb Fig. 6. Distributionsof the s+t discriminant (left) and sdiscriminant (middle) in the signal region [0.8, 1] and distribution of the reconstructedtopquarkmassinadatasamplewithS/B>0.24(right). with q being a d, s, or b quark. In the SM R = 1, con- strained by the unitarity of the CKM matrix. R < 1 can Nevent103 DØ, L=5.4 fb-1 Dtta Rta=1 indicateapresenceofnewphysics,forexample,existence tt R=0.5 tt R=0 ofadditionalquarkfamilies.D0experimentmeasuresRsi- 102 Background multaneouslywith the tt¯cross section using dilepton and ℓ+jetseventsin5.4fb 1ofdata[15].Intheℓ+jetschan- − 10 nel,countingofb-taggedeventsin dataandsimulationis used to distunguish between different decay modes of tt¯ 1 pair. In the dilepton channel, the shape of the output of theNNb-taggingalgorithmservesthesamepurpose.Fig- 10-1 ure 7 demonstrates a change of the predicted number of 0 5 10 eventswithdifferentb-tagmultiplicityinℓ+jetschannel NN output while Fig. 8 shows a change of the shape of NN output Fig.8.Distributionoftheminimumb-tagNNoutputofthejets in the dilepton channelfor variousvalues of R compared ofhighest-p indileptonchannel. T to data. Simultaneous measurement of σ and R yields tt¯ σ = 7.74+0.67pb and R = 0.90 0.04, the latter being tt¯ 0.57 ± themostpre−cisemeasurementofRtodate.Assuminguni- References tarity of 3 3 CKM matrix V > 0.88 at 99.7% C.L. tb × | | 1. S. MochandP. Uwer Phys.Rev.D78,(2008),034003; U. Langenfeld, S. Moch and P. Uwer, 80, (2009), 054009;N.Kidonakis,Phys.Rev.D82,(2010),114030. NNNNNNNNNNNNeventeventeventeventeventeventeventeventeventeventeventevent 232323232323232323232323505050505050505050505050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 DØ, L=5.3 fb-1 Dtta Rta=1 23.. NV..KAibdaosnoavkiest,Pahly(sD.R0evc.oDll7a4b,o(r2at0i1o1n)),,1P1h4y0s1.R2.ev.D 84, tt R=0.5 tt R=0 (2011),012008. 222222222222000000000000000000000000000000000000 Background 4. T. Aaltonen et al (CDF collaboration), Phys.Rev.Lett. 111111111111555555555555000000000000000000000000 105,(2010),012001. 5. CDFCollaboration,CDFpublicnote10163. 111111111111000000000000000000000000000000000000 6. V. 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Abasov et al (D0 collaboration),Phys.Lett.B705, ofthetoppairproductioncrosssections.Recentmeasure- (2011),313. ments of the electroweak single top production improve 14. T.Aaltonenetal(CDFcollaboration),Phys.Rev.D82, theuncertaintyonthecombineds+tchannelcrosssection (2010),112005. andallowetoobservet-channelsingletopproduction.All 15. V.M.Abazovetal(D0collaboration),Phys.Rev.Lett. results agree with the SM and challenge the precision of 107,(2011),121802. thetheoreticalcalculations. Candidates CDF Run II Preliminary (4.8 fb-1) 5500 DATA (Entries : 137) 4400 Syst. Uncert. VV σ tt ( = 7.4 pb) ee GG Diboson 00 3300 44 DDDDYAAA TTT+AAA H (((555F...111 fffbbb---111))) rr ee EEEnnntttrrriiieeesss 111333777 DY + LF pp MMMeeeaaannn 333111666...666 ss Fakes 2200 ee ii rr tt nn EE 1100 00 110000 220000 330000 440000 550000 660000 HH ((GGeeVV)) TT