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Tsunamis in the Mediterranean Sea 2000 B.C.- 2000 A.D. Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research VOLUME 13 EDITORIAL BOARD Wang Ang-Sheng, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Beijing, P.R. China Gerhard Berz, Munchener Ruckversicherungs-Gesel/schaft, Munchen, Germany Oscar Gonzalez-Ferran, Departamento de Geologia y Geofisica, Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas y Mathematicas, Universidad De Chile, Santiago, Chile Terry Jeggle, Secretariat for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland Cinna Lomnitz, National University of Mexico, lnstituto de Geofisica, Mexico, D. F. Mexico Tad S. Murty, Baird & Associates, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Alvin H. Mushkatel, Office of Hazards Studies, Center for Public Affairs, Arizona State University, Tempe, Az, USA Joanne M. Nigg, Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA Alexei V. Nikolaev, Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Paul M. Thompson, Flood Hazard Research Center, Middlesex University, Enfield, UK Donald A. Wilhite, International Drought Information Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume. Tsunamis in the Mediterranean Sea 2000 B.C.- 2000 A.D. By SERGEY L. SOLOVIEV and OLGA N. SOLOVIEVA PP Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia and CHAN N. GO, KHEN S. KIM and NIKOLAY A. SHCHETNIKOV Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia Translation: Dr. Gil B. Pontecorvo, Dr. Vasily I. Tropin Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia (JINR, Dubna, Rf.) Managing Editors: Professor Jean Bonnin, Strasbourg, France Professor Boris W. Levin, Moscow, Russia Professor Stefano Tinti, Bologna, Italy Dr. Gerassimos A. Papadopoulos, Athens, Greece Technical Editor: Olga I. Yakovenko, Moscow, Russia Language Editor: Mark Blazek, Palma de Mallorca, Spain SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-90-481-5557-6 ISBN 978-94-015-9510-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-9510-0 Printed on acid-free paper This is an extended and updated version and translation of the original work in Russian "Tsunamis in the Mediterranean Sea -2000 B.C.- 1991 A.D.", Moscow, Russia. Translated by Gil B. Pontecorvo and Vasily I. Tropin. All Rights Reserved © 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000 Soflcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner TABLE OF CONTENTS SERGEY SOLOVIEV ................................................................................................ vii PREFACE .................................................................................................................. xiii IN1RODUCTION ······································································································ XV S1RUCTURE OF 1HE CATALOGUE .................................................................... xix CHAPTER 1: THE MAIN TSUNAMIGENIC ZONES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA ......................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOURCE OF TSUNAMI GENERATION AND DESCRIPTION OF TSUNAMI. ANCIENT TSUNAMIS ............................... 16 CHAPTER 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOURCE OF TSUNAMI GENERATION AND DESCRIPTION OF TSUNAMI. 1st- 16th CENTURIES ............................... 26 CHAPTER 4: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOURCE OF TSUNAMI GENERATION AND DESCRIPTION OF TSUNAMI. 17th- 18th CENTURIES ............................. 46 CHAPTER 5: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOURCE OF TSUNAMI GENERATION AND DESCRIPTION OF TSUNAMI. 19th CENTURY ........................................... 72 CHAPTER 6:. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOURCE OF TSUNAMI GENERATION AND DESCRIPTION OF TSUNAMI. 20th CENTURY ......................................... 123 CHAPTER 7: STUDY OF TSUNAMIS IN GREECE AND ITALY AT THE TURN OF THE MILLENIUM .............................................................................................. 173 1. Recent developments in the tsunami research in Greece a short review. Gerassimos A. Papadopoulos ................................................ 173 2. Recent progress of tsunami research in Italy. Stefano Tinti ............................... 179 APPENDIX 1: Main parameters of tsunamis in the Mediterranean Sea ................... 183 APPENDIX 2: List of tsunamigenic events in the Mediterranean Sea ..................... 192 APPENDIX 3: Equivalents of the International System Units to units of other countries and to extra-system units .................................................. 206 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 207 INDEX OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES ....................................................................... 219 v SERGEY SOLOVIEV APRIL 12, 1930- MARCH 9, 1994 Sergey Soloviev was a patriarch of tsunami study in the Soviet Union, a leader of the national tsunami program, an indispensable chairman of all the annual national tsunami conferences, a judge, a soul and a "pillar" of numerous undertakings in this area. He monitored and supported practically all the projects on the issues of the theory and practice of tsunami. The major achievements of his life as a scientist included: 1. The Tsunami Catalogue for the Pacific Ocean. This two volume catalogue written together with Go Chan Nam and published in the Soviet Union in 1974 and 1975 was translated into English and has proven to be the most complete tsunami survey for the Pacific. Later this Catalogue has been continuously reviewed and supplemented with the new data on tsunamis that occurred in the past as well as on quite recent ones. In 1963, while visiting the Kuril Islands, Sergey Soloviev was an eyewitness of the Urup tsunami and wrote a fascinating book about this event. It is difficult to overestimate the impact of works like this on the development of the Tsunami Warning System, minimising of tsunami damage, on ·the analysis of the empirical relationship between underwater earthquakes and tsunamis, and on theoretical models of tsunami generation. 2. Establishing the civll Tsunami Warning System for the Far East of the USSR. As tsunamis are generated as a rule by underwater earthquakes, tsunami forecasting is inseparable from the earthquake forecasting. For this reason Sergey Soloviev devoted much effort to creating and improving the seismology service. More than 10 seismological stations were established under his leadership in Sakhalin, the Kurils, in the Amur and Primorye regions. He proposed the calibration curves to estimate the earthquake parameters according to regional data. Of great importance are also the Soloviev - Iida formula for estimating tsunami intensity according to the magnitude of the underwater earthquake and the earthquake and tsunami frequency occurrence curves for the Kuril - Kamchatka area. The Tsunami Service headed by Soloviev was quite efficient and never failed with tsunami warnings. The national Tsunami Service is part of the International Pacific Tsunami Service and being a vice - president of the International Tsunami Committee Sergey Soloviev greatly contributed in vii V111 SERGEY SOLOVIEV organising real international co-operation in this field and regular data exchange between the participant countries. 3. Organising of a special observatory on Shikotan Island for the comprehensive earthquake and tsunami study. The observatory was equipped with seismographs, deforrnographs and inclinometers as well as hydrophysical bottom pressure stations to record tsunamis at the shelf of the island. Soloviev was one of the pioneers of the hydrophysical method of tsunami detection, which has proven to be the most promising and reliable method for tsunami warning. After many years trying to register tsunami waves in the open ocean he succeeded on February 23, 1980 (which in fact was the second case of such a recording in the world). The Shikotan observatory also made it possible to estimate the role of the T - phase (hydroacoustical predictors of marine earthquakes) in the tsunami problem. For many scientists and specialists - not only for the authors of these lines - the name of Shikotan brings back the thrilling memories of expeditions where very many field observations were made and new ideas verified. It is a pity that, because of the hard times Russia has been going through, we risk to lose the invaluable testing ground which was created with so much effort by Sergey Soloviev. 4. Marine seismological and long wave study in seismically active regions of the World Ocean. Sergey Soloviev (together with Gaylord Miller and Bob Harvey) was the initiator and the main organiser of two Soviet - American Tsunami Expeditions (1975, 1978). These expeditions brought very valuable results on the behaviour of long waves of the tsunami frequency band in the open ocean. They also provided good experience on deep - sea bottom pressure measurements. But most important of all, they established the co-operation and life - long friendship between American and Russian scientists and promoted a wide exchange of ideas and approaches. The unique bottom seismological stations (OSB) of anchored and pop - up types were created under the guidance of Sergey Soloviev in the eighties. The original construction of the pop- up OBS was patented in Australia, Finland, France, Japan and the U.S.A. At first, these OBS were used to collect information on the peculiarities of the seismic regime in Baikal Lake area. Numerous marine expeditions were sent to the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans and to the Aegean, Tyrrhenian, Japan and Laptev seas. Very important results were obtained in areas of the Hellenic and Calabrian Arcs and in the North Aegean trough. There were revealed: high micro - earthquake activity in the Earth's crust in the rear parts of the Hellenic and Calabrian Arcs; an echelon structure of the Benioff zone in the central part of the Hellenic Arc; an unusual precursor of a strong earthquake manifesting itself as a transversal seismically SERGEY SOLOVIEV ix active zone in the Kasos Strait (E - SE to Crete Island); seismic activity of submarine volcanoes in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The Mediterranean continued to be in the focus of Soloviev's scientific interest and research during his last years. Results of these investigations were summarised in his two monographs and numerous papers on marine seismology. This fundamental scientific knowledge based on the introduction of original equipment allowed the Academician Soloviev to create a new scientific branch in seismology- marine seismology. 5. Magnitude classification of earthquakes for the USSR. Soloviev found out the relationships between the magnitude and the energy of seismic waves, which made it possible to give a more objective classification of seismic events. On this basis he constructed a map of seismicity and epicentres of major earthquakes which revealed that the Kuril- Kamchatka area is the most seismically active in the USSR (but not Central Asia or the Caucasus as it had been thought before). The studies in natural disasters in the Far East in fact became his main and life - long work. Using the historical records and instrumental data he developed a scheme of seismo - zoning of Sakhalin which became the basis of civil engineering for the island. The same scheme was developed by Soloviev for the Priamurye and Primorye Regions. The whole life of Sergey Soloviev was closely connected with three cities of the former Soviet Union: Leningrad, Moscow and Yuzhno - Sakhalinsk. In Leningrad he graduated with an outstanding record from the Department of Physics of the Leningrad University (1953). He completed his post- graduate course and prepared his Ph.D. thesis (1956) in Moscow at the Institute of Geophysics (now the Institute of the Physics of Earth) under the guidance of Prof. Savarensky, the leading Russian seismologist. For 1956-1961 he worked at the Institute and on the Seismological Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Here he edited and prepared for publication the fundamental collective volume "Atlas of the Earthquakes in the USSR". This work enabled Soloviev to grasp the importance of the regional seismological studies and to get acquainted with the tsunami problem, which became the main scientific topic of his life. In 1961- 1977 Soloviev mainly worked in Yuzhno- Sakhalinsk in the Sakhalin Complex Research Institute (now the Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics), which he headed from 1971 till 1977. Under his leadership this institute became the largest research centre in the Far East of the USSR and the centre of tsunami research where methods and techniques were worked out and new equipment was elaborated. He motivated gifted young scientists who had graduated from the top universities of Moscow, Leningrad, and Novosibirsk, to work with him. There in effect was born the Soloviev school of young X SERGEY SOLOVIEV scientists. He managed to combine the efforts of experts in various fields (mathematicians, physicists, oceanographers, geophysicists) throughout the country to make a strong research team centred around the Sakhalin Institute. It should be noted that as a director Soloviev contributed a lot to developing the whole complex of scientific investigations of Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands and the north- western Pacific. Thanks to him a few research vessels (the "Pegas", the "Morskoy Geofisik" and the "Otvazhny") were equipped to begin intensive studies of geological, geophysical and hydrophysical processes in the Pacific Ocean and the Okhotsk and Japan seas. In particular, these studies resulted in the discovery of the submarine prolongation of the Eastern Sakhalin mountain ranges as well as in getting a clear picture of the oil and gas resources of the Okhotsk Sea shelf. Soloviev worked closely on the development of methods and technology of marine exploration. On the basis of one of the Departments of the Sakhalin Complex Research Institute later there was established an independent Research Institute of the Automation of Marine Studies. Of great importance was Soloviev's activity in organising annual tsunami meetings of Russian scientists and preparing the corresponding collections of papers. Practically every year books and special volumes were published on the tsunami problem, which greatly contributed to the unification and co-operation of Russian tsunami experts. In recent years he actually set up a new scientific journal- "The Tsunami Studies" and it is quite unfortunate that due to present difficulties in Russia it has ceased to be published. Sergey Soloviev is author of 8 books and a large number of review articles on various aspects of tsunami study and seismology which have in fact become textbooks on this interdisciplinary issue. We are honoured to have been his co-authors in some of the articles and to have experienced at first hand his working style, his accuracy and scrupulousness in experimental data processing. After 1977 Soloviev again worked in Moscow (Seismological Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Seismology Department of the P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS) while at the same time remaining head of the national tsunami program. In that period he concentrated his efforts on the problem of marine seismology, taking part in some sea expeditions involved in the study of seismic and tsunami risks in the Mediterranean. Quite recently he completed his tsunami catalogue for the Mediterranean which is ready for publication. Sergey Soloviev devoted much effort and energy to organising international co-operation in the tsunami problem. This included organising several international expeditions on tsunamis and marine seismology, and establishing co-operation and information exchanges between the national tsunami warning centres. In 1971 he was re-elected chairman of the IUGG Tsunami Commission and remained in office until 1979. Soloviev contributed a lot to developing and strengthening direct contacts between the research efforts of various countries

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