Trust Theory: A Socio-Cognitive and Computational Model (Wiley Series in Agent Technology)

387 Pages·2010·3.82 MB·English

by  Christiano Castelfranchi

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TRUST THEORY
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WileySeriesinAgentTechnology
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TRUST THEORY
A SOCIO-COGNITIVE AND
COMPUTATIONAL MODEL
CristianoCastelfranchi
Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (ISTC) of the Italian National Research
Council(CNR),Italy
RinoFalcone
Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (ISTC) of the Italian National Research
Council(CNR),Italy
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
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Castelfranchi,Cristiano.
Trusttheory:asocio-cognitiveandcomputationalmodel/CristianoCastelfranchi,RinoFalcone.
p.cm.
Includesindex.
ISBN978-0-470-02875-9(cloth)
1.Trust. 2.Trust–Simulationmethods. 3.Artificialintelligence–Psychologicalaspects. 4.Cognitivescience.
I.Falcone,Rino. II.Title.
BF575.T7C372010
302’.1–dc22
2009040166
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Thisbookisdedicated
toMario,Ketty,Eugenio,andMaria,ourroots,
toRosannaandIvana,ourlifecompanions;
toYurij,VaniaandGiulio,ourrealizeddreams;
tothemanycollegueswhoconsciouslyorunconsciuouslycontributedtothe
ideasincludedinit;
toourCountry,bettertotheIdeaofCountry,ofCollective,ofInstitutional
Entity, inwhichassuchitispossible developsociallycentredhopes,
ambitions,dreams,socontributingtothedignityandfutureforanyindividual.
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Contents
Foreword xv
Introduction 1
1 DefinitionsofTrust:FromConceptualComponentstotheGeneralCore 7
1.1 AContentAnalysis 8
1.2 MissedComponentsandObscureLinks 12
1.3 IntentionalActionandLackofControllability:RelyingonWhatis
BeyondOurPower 15
1.4 TwoIntertwinedNotionsofTrust:TrustasAttitudevs.TrustasAct 17
1.5 ACritiqueofSomeSignificantDefinitionsofTrust 19
1.5.1 Gambetta:IsTrustOnlyAboutPredictability? 19
1.5.2 Mayer,Davis,&Schoorman:IsTrustOnlyWillingness,
forAnyKindofVulnerability? 19
1.5.3 McKnight:TheBlackBoxesofTrust 21
1.5.4 Marsh:IsaMereExpectationEnoughforModelingTrust? 21
1.5.5 Yamagishi:MixinguptheActofTrustingandtheActof
Cooperating 22
1.5.6 TrustasBasedonReciprocity 26
1.5.7 Hardin:TrustasEncapsulatedInterest 26
1.5.8 Rousseau:WhatKindofIntentionis‘Trust’? 30
References 31
2 Socio-CognitiveModelofTrust:BasicIngredients 35
2.1 AFive-PartRelationandaLayeredModel 36
2.1.1 ALayeredNotion 36
2.1.2 GoalStateandSideEffects 38
2.2 TrustasMentalAttitude:aBelief-BasedandGoal-BasedModel 38
2.2.1 TrustasPositiveEvaluation 39
2.2.2 The‘Motivational’SideofTrust 44
2.2.3 TheCrucialNotionof‘Goal’ 45
2.2.4 TrustVersusTrustworthiness 47
2.2.5 TwoMainComponents:CompetenceVersusPredictability 47
2.2.6 Trustworthiness(andtrust)asMultidimensional
EvaluativeProfiles 49
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viii Contents
2.2.7 TheInherentlyAttributionalNatureofTrust 50
2.2.8 Trust,PositiveEvaluationandPositiveExpectation 52
2.3 Expectations:TheirNatureandCognitiveAnatomy 54
2.3.1 EpistemicGoalsandActivity 54
2.3.2 ContentGoals 55
2.3.3 TheQuantitativeAspectsofMentalAttitudes 56
2.3.4 TheImplicitCounterpartofExpectations 58
2.3.5 EmotionalResponsetoExpectationisSpecific:theStrength
ofDisappointment 58
2.3.6 TrustisnotReducibletoaPositiveExpectation 60
2.4 ‘NoDanger’:NegativeorPassiveorDefensiveTrust 60
2.5 WeakeningtheBelief-Base:ImplicitBeliefs,Acceptances,andTrust
by-Default 62
2.6 FromDispositiontoAction 64
2.6.1 TrustThatandTrustin 66
2.6.2 TrustPre-dispositionandDisposition:FromPotentialto
ActualTrust 67
2.6.3 TheDecisionandActofTrustImpliestheDecisiontoRelyon 69
2.7 CanweDecidetoTrust? 72
2.8 Risk,InvestmentandBet 73
2.8.1 ‘Risk’DefinitionandOntology 74
2.8.2 WhatKindsofTakenRisksCharacterizeTrustDecisions? 76
2.9 TrustandDelegation 77
2.9.1 TrustinDifferentFormsofDelegation 79
2.9.2 TrustinOpenDelegationVersusTrustinClosedDelegation 80
2.10 TheOtherPartsoftheRelation:theDelegatedTaskandtheContext 82
2.10.1 WhyDoesXTrustY? 82
2.10.2 TheRoleoftheContext/EnvironmentinTrust 83
2.11 GenuineSocialTrust:TrustandAdoption 84
2.11.1 Concern 88
2.11.2 HowExpectationsGenerate(Entitled)Prescriptions:
Towards‘Betrayal’ 88
2.11.3 Super-TrustorTutorialTrust 89
2.12 ResumingtheModel 91
References 92
3 Socio-CognitiveModelofTrust:QuantitativeAspects 95
3.1 DegreesofTrust:aPrincipledQuantificationofTrust 95
3.2 RelationshipsbetweenTrustinBeliefsandTrustinAction
andDelegation 97
3.3 ABelief-BasedDegreeofTrust 98
3.4 ToTrustorNottoTrust:DegreesofTrustandDecisiontoTrust 101
3.5 PositiveTrustisnotEnough:aVariableThresholdforRisk
Acceptance/Avoidance 107
3.6 GeneralizingtheTrustDecisiontoaSetofAgents 111