I am incurably convinced that the object of opening the mind, as of opening the mouth, is to shut it again on something solid. G. K. CHESTERTON TRUE TRUTH Defending Absolute Truth in a Relativistic Age ART LINDSLEY To my sons, Trey and Jonathan. May you keep the belt of truth on tightly and hold the sword of the Spirit, the Word of God, in your hands. CONTENTS Acknowledgments ......................... 9 PART 1: ABSOLUTES WITHOUT ABSOLUTISM 1. What Is Truth? .......................13 2. True Tolerance ....... .... . . ... . .... . ..22 3. Right, Not Righteous .....................34 4. Assertions Without Arrogance . ... . ... . . .... ..44 5. Infallible Absolutes, Fallible People .... ..... . ...58 6. Infallible Absolutes, Fallen Situations . . ... ...... .69 7. Defense Without Defensiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 PART 2: ARGUMENT AGAINST RELATIVISM 8. When Arguments Fail . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .85 9. Absolutists in Disguise? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 10. Consequences of the Denial .. ........... ... 116 11. Relativism Self-Destructs . ..... . ... . . ... . . 127 12. Everybody's Right and Nobody's Right.... . .... .. 141 13. No Room for Evil . . .... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 14. Truth That Transforms ................... 172 Notes ... .......................... .. 175 Recommended Books ......... ............ . . 185 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to many people as I write this book. First, I want to acknowledge Chuck Colson and the influence he has been on me not only personally but also through his books. It was, particularly, two Breakpoint editorials that provoked my thinking about the need to distinguish having a belief in absolutes from being an absolutist: "A Bad Rap: Why Christians Aren't Absolutists" and "Body of Christ: Who's an Absolutist" (Breakpoint, December 3, 1992). His emphasis put into words things I had been wrestling with for some time. Second, I worked with R. C. Sproul for six years at the Ligonier Valley Study Center. Hearing him speak a few times each week during those years was a great treat. Much of my writing and teaching is marked by his influence. Third, Os Guinness was part of a summer program through the C. S. Lewis Institute for about ten years. Our Knowing and Doing conference lasted anywhere from two to five weeks. It was a pleasure hearing Os speak almost daily during those ten summers, and undoubtedly much of his way of thinking, cultural insights and terminology has influenced me. The notes I took then were lost long ago, but many things he said are etched in my memory. Fourth, Francis Schaeffer, from the time he spoke at my college chapel, pushed me to think harder and with a greater breadth. In addition to the men listed above, there are many people to thank, particularly Becky Cooke, who prepared the manuscript through its many revisions. David Hazzard thoroughly edited the entire manuscript. Jim Beavers and Donald Drew read the manuscript carefully and gave many comments on content and style. Mike Marshall read the whole book at an early stage, giving his philosophical expertise and advice. Bill Nichels was one of the first readers of the roughest of drafts. Bill Cron gave some valuable input. Dave Brown urged me to put these thoughts into a book and helped along the way. Each one of these people helped improve the final product. I also want to thank the staff and board of the C. S. Lewis Institute for their encouragement. The advisory board of my Oasis ministry provided encouragement and financial support to allow me the time to do this writing. I want to thank Doug and Nancy Greenwold, Jim and Becky Cooke, Todd and Pam Ramsey, Ken and Caroline Broussard, Kim and Kathy Cooke, Kerry and Deborah Moody, Jim and Lorraine Hiskey, and Bill and Marsha Nichels. I want to particularly thank Wayne and Wendy Hughes for their generous gift that gave us freedom to minister and me to write. Furthermore, I want to thank the editorial staff of InterVarsity Press, particularly Cindy Bunch, for making this an enjoyable process. And I want to acknowledge my parents, Arthur and Lois, though they are no longer living, for all they did to give me a good foundation in faith and life. Last but not least, I want to thank Connie, my wife, who encouraged and coaxed me to write and took our boys away for a few weeks so I could have uninterrupted writing time. She has also been a helpful editor, improving my writing and giving energy and life to my words. Thank you, Connie, for all you do. PART 1