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323 Pages·2006·3.4 MB·English
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01_Erskineprelims 31/7/2001 10:32 am Page iii Troy between Greece and Rome Local Tradition and Imperial Power ANDREW ERSKINE 1 01_Erskineprelims 31/7/2001 10:32 am Page iv 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford 2 6 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Andrew Erskine 2001 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Erskine, Andrew. Troy between Greece and Rome: local tradition and imperial power / Andrew Erskine. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Troy (Extinct city) 2. Trojan War. 3. Rome—History—To 510 B.C.4. Rome—Civilization—Greek influences. 5. Mythology, Roman. 6. Greece—Civilization—To 146 B.C. I. Title: Troy between Greece & Rome. II. Title. DF221.T8 E77 2001 939'.21—dc21 2001021925 ISBN 0-19-924033-7 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Typeset by Regent Typesetting, London Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd., Guildford and King’s Lynn 01_Erskineprelims 31/7/2001 10:32 am Page vii Preface This book is an accident. I had intended to write a book on Greek perceptions of the Romans, but somehow never got beyond the first chapter. Many debts have been incurred along the way. Much of it was written while I was a Humboldt Fellow at the Institut für Alte Geschichte in Munich. I am particularly grateful to my host, Hatto H. Schmitt, not only for his hospitality but also for his willingness to read and discuss my work. I have been lucky that so many have generously given up time to read all or part of the manuscript in its various incarnations, Paul Cartledge, Tim Cornell, Oliver Dany, Peter Derow, Martin Goodman, Dieter Hertel, Michael Lloyd, Keith Sidwell, Theresa Urbainczyk, and the still anonymous referees. Others too have helped with advice and conversation, Kai Brodersen, Tom Harrison, Peter Heslin, Llewelyn Morgan, and Manuel Schulte. My thanks are also due to Manfred Korfmann for giving me a tour of the Troad, to Brian Rose for taking me round Hellenistic Ilion, to Chris Hallett and Bert Smith for showing me the Sebasteion reliefs at Aphrodisias and to Christina Haywood, Ciarán Egan, and David Jennings for providing the maps. In the early stages George Forrest was there with his unerring ability to ask the necessary questions. Underlying any formal list of acknowledgements are memories and associations, walking to Andechs, espresso coffee, the desks in the Institut für Klassiche Archäologie, West Stow, an invisible billiard-table, numerous Dublin restaurants, Coldharbour Lane, all relevant in some indefinable way. vii 01_Erskineprelims 31/7/2001 10:32 am Page ix Contents List of Maps xi List of Abbreviations xiii Introduction 1 1. Myth and Local Tradition 2 2. Greeks, Trojans, and Barbarians 6 Part I: Rome 1. The Recovery of Trojan Rome 15 1. Troy and the Iulii 17 2. The Myth before the Iulii: Neutral Citations? 23 3. Republican Survivors: The Inside Story 30 4. The Myth in Context 37 Part II: Greece 2. Homer and the Archaic Age 47 1. The Importance of Homer 48 2. Barbarian Trojans in the Iliad? 51 3. Enemies of the Greeks? 54 4. Other Archaic Representations 57 3. The Persian Wars and the Denigration of the Trojans 61 1. Aigina, the Aiakids, and Salamis 62 2. Athens and the Delian League 68 3. Drama and Characterization 73 4. Athenian Ambivalence 77 5. Herodotos and the ‘Persian’ Version 83 6. Change and Context 87 7. Consequences 90 ix 01_Erskineprelims 31/7/2001 10:32 am Page x Contents 4. Trojan Past and Present 93 1. Aineia 93 2. The Troad and Neighbouring Regions 98 3. The Mainland 112 4. Conclusion 126 Part III: Between Greece and Rome 5. Troy and the Western Greeks 131 1. The Wanderer 131 2. The Trojan Wanderer 135 3. The Wanderer and Local Tradition 139 4. The Trojan Myth in Latium 143 5. Scholars and Antiquarians 148 6. Pyrrhos, Troy, and Rome: An Interlude 157 7. Greek States and Roman Relatives 162 1. Kinship Diplomacy in the Hellenistic World 163 2. Kinship with Rome 168 3. Distant Relatives and Family Friends 185 4. The Limits of Kinship 195 8. Old Gods, New Homes 198 1. Venus Erycina 198 2. Magna Mater Comes to Town 205 3. Attalos, Troy, and the Magna Mater 219 4. Conclusion 224 9. Ilion between Greece and Rome 225 1. Ilion and the Great Powers 226 2. The Romans at Ilion 234 3. Troy Falls Again: Fimbria and Sulla 237 4. Ilion under the Caesars: Romana Pergama surgent 245 Epilogue 254 References 259 Index 285 x 01_Erskineprelims 31/7/2001 10:32 am Page xi Maps The Troad 99 Italy and Sicily 132 xi 01_Erskineprelims 31/7/2001 10:32 am Page xiii Ancient Authors: Abbreviations and Glossary Dates, often only approximate, are taken from OCD3. For con- venience Greek names appear here in their traditional latinized form, although in the book itself I have chosen to transliterate Greek names rather than latinize them. Aelian Aelian ( 165/70–230/5). NA De natura animalium (On the Nature of Animals). VH Varia Historia. Aesch. Aeschylus (?525/4–456/5 ), Athenian tragedian. Ag. Agamemnon. Pers. Persians. Aeschin. Aeschines (c.397–c.322 ), Athenian orator. In Ctes. Against Ctesiphon. In Tim. Against Timarchus. [Aeschin.] Epist. Epistulae (Letters). Amm. Marc. Ammianus Marcellinus (c.  330–95), historian. Ampelius Ampelius (3rd–4th cent. ), Liber memorialis. Anth. Pal. Anthologia Palatina (Palatine Anthology). Apoll. Rhod. Apollonius Rhodius (3rd cent. ), poet. Arg. Argonautica. Apollod. Apollodorus, mythographer. Bibl. Bibliotheca. Epit. Epitome. App. Appian (2nd cent.), Greek historian. BC Bella civilia (Civil Wars). Hann. !nniba∫k& (Hannibalic War). Mith. Miqrid3teioß (Mithridatic Wars). Sam. Saunitik& (Samnite Wars), fragmentary. Sic. Sikelik& (Sicilian Wars), fragmentary. Syr. Suriak& (Syrian Wars). xiii 01_Erskineprelims 31/7/2001 10:32 am Page xiv List of Abbreviations Arist. Aristotle (384–322 ), Greek philosopher. Eth. Nic. Nicomachean Ethics. Poet. Poetics. Pol. Politics. [Arist.] Ath. Pol. !qhna≤wn polite≤a (Constitution of the Athenians). Mir. ausc. De mirabilibus auscultationibus. (On Marvellous Reports). Pepl. Peplus, frag. 640 in V. Rose (ed.). Aristotelis qui ferebantur librorum fragmenta. Leipzig 1886. Arnob. Arnobius (late 2nd–early 3rd cent. ), Christian, Adversus nationes. Arr. Arrian (c.  86–160), Greek historian. Anab. Anabasis. Tact. Tactica. Athen. Athenaeus (c.  200), The Deipnosophists, learned conversation at dinner. Athenagoras Athenagoras (2nd cent. ), Christian apologist. Leg. Legatio pro Christianis. August. Augustine ( 354–430). De civ. D. De civitate Dei (The City of God). [Aur. Vict.] De vir. ill. [Aurelius Victor], De viri illustribus (On Famous Men). Caes. Caesar, C. Iulius Caesar (100–44 ). BC Bellum Civile (The Civil War). [Caes.] Alex. Bellum Alexandrinum (The Alexandrian War). Cato Cato the Elder, M. Porcius Cato (234–149 ). Orig. Origins (ed. M. Chassignet, Paris 1986). Catull. Catullus (c.84–c.54 ), Latin poet. Cic. Cicero, M. Tullius Cicero (106–43 ). Arch. Pro Archia. Att. Epistulae ad Atticum (Letters to Atticus). Balb. Pro Balbo. xiv 01_Erskineprelims 31/7/2001 10:32 am Page xv List of Abbreviations Brut. Brutus. Cael. Pro Caelio. Cat. In Catilinum. De or. De oratore (On the Orator). Div De divinatione (On Divination). Fam. Epistulae ad familiares (Letters to Friends). Fat. De fato (On Fate). Fin. De finibus (On Ends). Flac. Pro Flacco. Har. resp. De haruspicum responso (On the Reply of the Soothsayers). Leg. De legibus (On Laws). Mur. Pro Murena. Nat. D. De natura deorum (On the Nature of the Gods). Off. De officiis (On Duties). Phil. Philippics. Rep. De republica (On the Republic). Rosc. Am. Pro Sexto Roscio Amerino. Sen. De senectute (On Old Age). Tusc. Tusculan Disputations. Vat. In Vatinium. IIVerr. In Verrem (Verrines), Actio secunda. [Cic.] Rhet. ad Her. Rhetorica ad Herennium. Claudian Claudian (c.370–c.404), poet. Laud. Ser. De laudibus Serenae reginae. Dem. Demosthenes (384–322 ), Athenian orator. Dig. Digesta, legal text, 6th cent. . Dio Cassius Dio (c.  164– after 229), Greek, Roman History. Dio Chrys. Dio Chrysostom (c.  40/50– after 110), Greek orator and philosopher. Diod. Sic. Diodorus Siculus (1st cent. ), Sicilian author of a world history. Diog. Laert. Diogenes Laertius (probably early 3rd cent. ), Lives of the Philosophers. Dion. Hal. Dionysius of Halicarnassus (later 1st cent. ). Ant. Rom. Roman Antiquities. xv

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Erskine, Andrew. Troy between Greece and Rome: local tradition and imperial power / Andrew Erskine. 5 The political character of the Aeneid and Augustan poetry in general has been the sub- covery of the Anaximander fragment (Blanck 1997) the wall was thought to have been devoted to
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