Troubled Geographies: A Spatial History of Religion and Society in Ireland

263 Pages·2013·68.38 MB·English

by  Ian N. Gregory, Niall A. Cunningham, Paul S. Ell, Christopher D. Lloyd, Ian G. Shuttleworth

Troubled Geographies
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THE SPATIAL HUM ANITIES David J. Bodenhamer, John Corrigan,
and Trevor M. Harris, editors
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T R O U B L E D
G E O G R A P H I E S
A SPATIAL HISTORY OF RELIGION
AND SOCIET Y IN IREL AND
David J. Bodenhamer, John Corrigan,
and Trevor M. Harris, editors
IAN N. GREGORY, NIALL A. CUNNINGHAM,
C. D. LLOYD, IAN G. SHUTTLEWORTH,
AND PAUL S. ELL
INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS Bloomington & Indianapolis
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This book is a publication of Manufactured in China
Indiana University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-
Office of Scholarly Publishing Publication Data
Herman B Wells Library 350
1320 East 10th Street Gregory, Ian N.
Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA Troubled geographies : a spatial history of
religion and society in Ireland / Ian N. Gregory,
Telephone orders 800- 842- 6796 Niall A. Cunningham, Paul S. Ell, C. D. Lloyd,
Fax orders 812- 855- 7931 and Ian G. Shuttleworth.
pages cm. — (The spatial humanities)
© 2013 by Indiana University Press Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-253-00966-1 (cloth : alk. paper)
All rights reserved — ISBN 978-0-253-00973-9 (pbk. : alk. paper)
— ISBN (invalid) 978-0-253-00979-1 (ebook)
No part of this book may be reproduced or 1. Human geography—Ireland. 2. Ireland—
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic Ethnic relations. 3. Ireland—Religious life and
or mechanical, in clud ing photocopying and customs. 4. Ireland—Social life and customs.
recording, or by any information storage and I. Title.
retrieval system, without permission in writing GF563.G74 2013
from the publisher. The Association of Ameri- 304.209415—dc23
can University Presses’ Resolution on Permis- 2013016440
sions constitutes the only exception to this
prohibition. 1 2 3 4 5 18 17 16 15 14 13
The paper used in this publication meets
the minimum requirements of the Ameri can
National Standard for Information Sciences—
Permanence of Paper for Printed Library
Materials, ANSI Z39.481992.
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Contents C
List of Figures vii
List of Tables xiii
Acknowledgments xv
1 Geography, Religion, and Society in Ireland:
A Spatial History 1
2 The Plantations: Sowing the Seeds of Ireland’s
Religious Geographies 11
3 Religion and Society in Pre- Famine Ireland 22
4 The Famine and Its Impacts, 1840s to 1860s 36
5 Toward Partition, 1860s to 1910s 60
6 Partition and Civil War, 1911 to 1926 83
7 Division and Continuity, 1920s to 1960s 107
8 Toward the Celtic Tiger: The Republic, 1961 to 2002 137
9 Stagnation and Segregation: North ern Ireland,
1971 to 2001 165
10 Communal Conflict and Death in North ern Ireland,
1969 to 2001 182
11 Belfast through the Troubles: Socioeconomic Change,
Segregation, and Violence 201
12 Conclusions: Ireland’s Religious Geographies—
Stability or Change? 221
Notes on Methods and Literature: From His tori cal GIS
Databases to Narrative Histories 229
Notes 235
Index 242
v
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Figures
F
Fig. 1.1. The main administrative geographies of Ireland
showing (a) baronies, (b) rural and urban districts,
and (c) counties and provinces 6
Fig. 2.1. Major plantation schemes and areas of English/British
influence in Ireland in the late sixteenth and early
seventeenth centuries 12
Fig. 2.2. Tudor plantations of Ireland 14
Fig. 2.3. The Ulster plantation, 1609–1613 17
Fig. 2.4. The Cromwellian land settlement 20
Fig. 3.1. Religion in Ireland in 1834 at diocese level: (a) Catholics,
(b) Church of Ireland, and (c) Presbyterians 24
Fig. 3.2. Comparing Protestantism in 1834 with the
plantation 26
Fig. 3.3. The locations of evidence for Protestant populations in
Munster, comparing the Elizabethan plantations, the
1641 depositions, and the 1834 Royal Commission 27
Fig. 3.4. Church of Ireland and Presbyterian populations in 1834
overlaid by plantation precincts given over to English
and Scottish undertakers 28
Fig. 3.5. Population density of Irish baronies in 1821 30
Fig. 3.6. Percentage of population growth by barony between
1821 and 1841 31
Fig. 3.7. Percentage of the 1831 male population over the age
of twenty employed in manufacturing by county 33
Fig. 4.1. Population density of Irish baronies in (a) 1841 and
(b) 1861 39
Fig. 4.2. Percentage of population change at barony level between
1841 and 1861 40
Fig. 4.3. Ireland’s three largest religions by barony in 1861
showing (a) Catholics, (b) Church of Ireland, and (c)
Presbyterians 42
Fig. 4.4. The change in population and of religions by diocese
between 1834 and 1861 showing (a) total population,
(b) Catholics, (c) Church of Ireland, and (d) Presbyterians 45
vii
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Fig. 4.5. The relationship between the Catholic population in 1834
and overall population loss between 1834 and 1861 47
Fig. 4.6. The relationship between the Catholic population in
1834 and 1861 48
Fig. 4.7. Illiteracy in English by barony: (a) 1841, (b) 1851, and
(c) 1861 50
Fig. 4.8. Fourth- class housing as a percentage of all dwellings
per barony: (a) 1841, (b) 1851, and (c) 1861 52
Fig. 4.9. Percentage of farms of 15 acres or less by barony:
(a) 1852, (b) 1861, and (c) 1871 54
Fig. 4.10. Males employed in the manufacturing sector as a
percentage of the entire male population at county
level in (a) 1851 and (b) 1871 57
Fig. 5.1. Long- term demographic trends through out the island
of Ireland and for the areas that would later become
North ern Ireland and the Repub lic of Ireland 61
Fig. 5.2. Population density in Ireland for (a) baronies in 1871,
(b) baronies in 1891, and (c) rural and urban districts
in 1911 62
Fig. 5.3. Population trends in Belfast and County Armagh
between 1861 and 1911 64
Fig. 5.4. Males employed in the manufacturing sector as a
percentage of the male population at county level in
(a) 1891 and (b) 1911 65
Fig. 5.5. Females employed in the manufacturing sector as a
percentage of the female population at county level in
(a) 1871, (b) 1891, and (c) 1911 68
Fig. 5.6. Emigration rates per 1,000 in 1871 for (a) males and
(b) females 71
Fig. 5.7. Emigration rates per 1,000 in 1891 for (a) males and
(b) females 73
Fig. 5.8. Catholic populations at county level in (a) 1871,
(b) 1891, and (c) 1911 76
Fig. 5.9. Population change at county level from 1861 to 1911:
(a) total population, (b) Catholics, (c) Church of Ireland,
and (d) Presbyterians 78
Fig. 6.1. Population change in Belfast and Dublin, 1861–1926 84
Fig. 6.2. Population density of Irish rural and urban districts
in (a) 1911 and (b) 1926 85
Fig. 6.3. Percentage of population change at the rural and urban
district levels between 1911 and 1926 86
Fig. 6.4. Results of the December 1910 Westminster elections 87
Fig. 6.5. Results of the 1918 Westminster elections 90
viii Figures
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Fig. 6.6. Results of the 1921 North ern Ireland and South ern
Ireland elections 91
Fig. 6.7. Results of the 1922 North ern Ireland and Saorstát
Éireann elections 92
Fig. 6.8. Intercensal percentage changes in the three major
religions between 1861 and 1961 in (a) the North ern
Ireland area and (b) the Repub lic of Ireland area 93
Fig. 6.9. Catholic populations in (a) 1911 and (b) 1926 96
Fig. 6.10. (a) Church of Ireland and (b) Presbyterian populations
in 1911 and 1926 97
Fig. 6.11. Change in the populations of (a) Catholics, (b) Church
of Ireland, and (c) Presbyterians between 1911 and 1926 99
Fig. 6.12. Scatter plot of non- Catholic rural and urban district
populations, 1911 and 1926 101
Fig. 6.13. The Partition of Ireland creating North ern Ireland and
the Irish Free State 104
Fig. 7.1. Percentage of the population at county level born in
the north ern six counties of Ireland and resident in the
south ern twenty- six counties, or vice versa, in (a) 1926
and (b) 1946/51 109
Fig. 7.2. Population density at rural and urban district levels:
(a) 1936/37, (b) 1946/51, and (c) 1961 110
Fig. 7.3. Percentage of population change at rural and urban
district levels between 1926 and 1961 111
Fig. 7.4. Percentage of the population employed in agriculture
at the county level in (a) 1926, (b) 1936 (Free State only),
and (c) 1946/51 114
Fig. 7.5. Percentage of the population employed in manufacturing
at the county level in (a) 1926, (b) 1936 (Free State only),
and (c) 1946/51 116
Fig. 7.6. Percentage of the male population economically inactive
at the county level in (a) 1926, (b) 1936 (Free State only),
and (c) 1946/51 118
Fig. 7.7. The three major religions’ share of the total population
of the island of Ireland between 1911 and 1961 121
Fig. 7.8. Catholic populations in (a) 1926, (b) 1936/37, and
(c) 1946/51 122
Fig. 7.9. Presbyterian populations in (a) 1936/37, (b) 1946/51,
and (c) 1961 124
Fig. 7.10. Church of Ireland populations in (a) 1936/37, (b) 1946/51,
and (c) 1961 126
Fig. 7.11. The Catholic population of North ern Ireland in (a) 1926,
(b) 1937, (c) 1951, and (d) 1961 128
Figures ix
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