Tropical Stream Ecology (Aquatic Ecology)

343 Pages·2008·11.73 MB·English

by  David Dudgeon

Tropical Stream Ecology
KansasBiologicalSurvey
UniversityofKansas
Lawrence,Kansas
JanineGilbert,DanL.Danielopol,JackA.Stanford
R.JanStevenson,MaxL.Bothwell,RexL.Lowe
JeremyB.Jones,PatrickJ.Mulholland
WalterK.Dodds
StuartE.G.Findlay,RobertL.Sinsabaugh
Series Editor
Editorial Advisory Board
Alan P. Covich, Jack A. Stanford, Roy Stein and Robert G. Wetzel
Other titles in the series:
James H. Thorp
Groundwater Ecology
Algal Ecology
Streams and Ground Waters
Freshwater Ecology
Aquatic Ecosystems
AQUATIC ECOLOGY Series
• • • • •
• • • • •
DepartmentofEcologyandBiodiversity
TheUniversityofHongKong
HongKongSAR
China
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Edited by
David Dudgeon
Tropical Stream Ecology
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PeterM.Davies,StuartE.Bunn,andStephenK.Hamilton
Contributors xiii
Preface xv
I. Introduction 2
II. Climatic Organizing Principles 2
A. Hadley Circulation 2
B. The Intertropical Convergence Zone 3
C. Solar Irradiance 3
D. Monsoons 4
E. El Niño Southern Oscillation 4
F. Spatially Irregular Phenomena 6
III. Temperature 6
A. Air Temperature 6
B. Effects of Elevation on Air and Water Temperature 6
C. Overview of Range in Water Temperature 8
D. Effects of Temperature on Metabolism and Oxygen Saturation 9
IV. Precipitation 10
V. Runoff 10
VI. Suspended and Dissolved Solids 13
VII. Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and Carbon 17
A. Phosphorus 17
B. Nitrogen 18
C. Organic Carbon 19
VIII. Conclusions 20
References 20
I. Introduction 24
II. Small Streams 25
A. Primary Producers 25
B. Factors Controlling Productivity in Small Streams 26
III. Rivers 32
A. Primary Producers: Macrophytes and Phytoplankton 32
B. Factors Controlling Productivity in Tropical Rivers 33
vii
Physical and Chemical Features of Tropical Flowing Waters
Primary Production in Tropical Streams and Rivers
1
2
Contents
Contents
KarlM.Wantzen,CatherineM.Yule,JudeM.Mathooko,andCatherineM.Pringle
DeanJacobsen,ClaudiaCressa,JudeM.Mathooko,andDavidDudgeon
viii
IV. Floodplains and Wetlands 33
A. Primary Producers Associated with Floodplains and Wetlands 33
B. Factors Controlling Productivity of Floodplains and Wetlands 34
V. Mangroves 35
A. Primary Producers 35
B. Factors Controlling Mangrove Production 35
VI. Ecosystem Comparisons 36
VII. Threats 37
References 37
I. Introduction 44
II. Organic Matter Dynamics 44
A. Diversity of Particulate Organic Material 44
B. Timing of Litter Inputs 46
C. Accession Pathways 49
D. Decomposition and Storage of Organic Matter in Riparian Zones 49
E. In-stream Decomposition Processes 50
F. Abiotic Factors Affecting In-stream Decomposition 51
III. The Significance of Physical and Chemical Composition of Leaves 54
IV. Microbial Contributions to Organic Matter Processing 55
V. The Role of Shredders in Organic Matter Processing 56
VI. Methodological Constraints on Decomposition Studies 57
VII. Autochthonous Plant Litter 58
VIII. Conclusions 58
References 60
I. Introduction 66
A. The Taxonomic Impediment 66
B. Challenges and Potential Solutions 67
C. Chapter Objectives 68
II. Composition of the Fauna 68
A. General Characteristics 68
B. Composition of the Non-Insect Fauna 68
C. Composition of the Insect Fauna 72
D. Diversity of Tropical Stream Faunas 75
E. Latitudinal Patterns in Diversity 77
III. Life Histories and Secondary Production 80
A. Seasonality 80
B. Life Spans and Voltinism 82
C. Breeding by Other Macroinvertebrates 83
D. Secondary Production 85
E. Trophic Basis of Macroinvertebrate Production 90
Organic Matter Processing in Tropical Streams
Macroinvertebrates: Composition, Life Histories and Production
3
4
Contents
KirkO.Winemiller,AngeloA.Agostinho,andÉricaPellegriniCaramaschi
NicPaciniandDavidM.Harper
ix
IV. Bioassessment and Biomonitoring 91
V. Research Needs 94
References 96
I. Introduction 107
II. Stream Habitats and Fish Faunas in the Tropics 109
A. Landmasses and Watersheds 109
B. Continental Basins 109
C. Latitudinal Gradients 114
D. Elevation Gradients 115
E. Stream Size and Habitat Gradients 118
III. Reproductive Strategies and Population Dynamics 124
IV. Feeding Strategies and Food-Web Structure 129
V. Conservation of Fish Biodiversity 136
A. Drainage-basin Degradation and Land-use Change 136
B. Pollution 137
C. Dams and Impoundments 137
D. Overfishing 138
E. Exotic Species 138
VI. Management to Alleviate Human Impacts and Restore Degraded Streams 139
VII. Research Needs 139
References 140
I. Introduction 147
A. The Distribution of Tropical Vertebrate Assemblages 148
B. Rivers as Barriers, Filters and Biocorridors 150
II. Aquatic Mammals 152
A. Cetaceans 152
B. Sirenians 153
III. Reptiles 154
A. Crocodilians 154
B. Lizards 159
C. Snakes 159
D. Turtles 163
IV. Amphibians 166
V. Semi-Aquatic Mammals 168
A. Otters 168
B. Mongooses and Civets 171
C. Otter Shrews 171
D. Hippos 172
VI. Riparian Mammals 174
A. Felids 174
B. Racoons and Marsupials 174
Fish Ecology in Tropical Streams
Aquatic, Semi-Aquatic and Riparian Vertebrates
5
6