Tropical root and tuber crops : cassava, sweet potato, yams and aroids

433 Pages·2009·4.34 MB·English

by  Vincent Lebot

C P S H
ROP RODUCTION CIENCE IN ORTICULTURE
S
ERIES
Series Editors: Jeff Atherton, Professor of Tropical
Horticulture, University of the West Indies, Barbados, and
Alun Rees (retired) former Head of Crop Science, Glasshouse
Crops Research Institute, Horticultural Consultant and Editor
of the Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology.
This series examines economically important horticultural crops selected from the
major production systems in temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic areas.
Systems represented range from open field and plantation sites to protected plastic
and glass houses, growing rooms and laboratories. Emphasis is placed on the
scientific principles underlying crop production practices rather than on providing
empirical recipes for uncritical acceptance. Scientific understanding provides the
key to both reasoned choice of practice and the solution of future problems.
Students and staff at universities and colleges throughout the world involved
in courses in horticulture, as well as in agriculture, plant science, food science
and applied biology at degree, diploma or certificate level will welcome this series
as a succinct and readable source of information. The books will also be
invaluable to progressive growers, advisers and end-product users requiring an
authoritative, but brief, scientific introduction to particular crops or systems. Keen
gardeners wishing to understand the scientific basis of recommended practices
will also find the series very useful.
The authors are all internationally renowned experts with extensive experience
of their subjects. Each volume follows a common format covering all aspects of
production, from background physiology and breeding, to propagation and planting,
through husbandry and crop protection, to harvesting, handling and storage.
Selective references are included to direct the reader to further information on
specific topics.
Titles Available:
1. Ornamental Bulbs, Corms and Tubers A.R. Rees
2. CitrusF.S. Davies and L.G. Albrigo
3. Onions and Other Vegetable AlliumsJ.L. Brewster
4. Ornamental Bedding Plants A.M. Armitage
5. Bananas and PlantainsJ.C. Robinson
6. CucurbitsR.W. Robinson and D.S. Decker-Walters
7. Tropical FruitsH.Y. Nakasone and R.E. Paull
8. Coffee, Cocoa and Tea K.C. Willson
9. Lettuce, Endive and Chicory E.J. Ryder
10. Carrots and Related Vegetable UmbelliferaeV.E. Rubatzky, C.F. Quiros
and P.W. Simon
11. StrawberriesJ.F. Hancock
12. Peppers: Vegetable and Spice Capsicums P.W. Bosland and E.J. Votava
13. TomatoesE. Heuvelink
14. Vegetable Brassicas and Related CrucifersG. Dixon
15. Onions and Other Vegetable Alliums, 2nd Edition J.L. Brewster
16. GrapesG.L. Creasy and L.L. Creasy
17. Tropical Root and Tuber Crops: Cassava, Sweet Potato, Yams and
AroidsV. Lebot
18. OlivesI. Therios
This page intentionally left blank
T R
ROPICAL OOT AND
T C
UBER ROPS
C , S P , Y
ASSAVA WEET OTATO AMS
A
AND ROIDS
Vincent Lebot
CIRAD
Centre de Coopération Internationale
en Recherche Agronomique
pour le Développement
France
CABI is a trading name of CAB International
CABI Head Office CABI North American Office
Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue
Wallingford 7th Floor
Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139
UK USA
Tel: [phone] Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.cabi.org
© V. Lebot 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means,
electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library,
London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lebot, Vincent.
Tropical root and tuber crops : cassava, sweet potato, yams, aroids /
Vincent Lebot.
p.cm. -- (Crop production science in horticulture series ; 17)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-84593-424-8 (alk. paper)
1. Root crops--Tropics. 2. Tuber crops--Tropics. 3. Tropical crops.
I. Title. II. Series: Crop production science in horticulture ; 17.
SB210.T76L43 2009
635(cid:1).20913--dc22
2008022907
ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 424 8
Typeset by Columns Design, Reading, UK.
Printed and bound in the UK by MPG Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn.
C
ONTENTS
ACRONYMSANDABBREVIATIONS xiii
PREFACE xv
SECTIONI CASSAVA
1
ORIGINANDHISTORY 3
Domestication 3
Discovery of the Crop by Western Explorers 7
Present Geographical Distribution 9
2
TAXONOMYANDBOTANY 13
Classification 13
Morphological Description of M. esculentaCrantz 14
Related Species 18
Cytology 19
3
BREEDINGANDGENETICS 21
Objectives and Selection Criteria 21
Sexual Reproduction and Sterility 22
Crossing Techniques and True Seed Production 23
Selection Methods and Programmes 25
Heritability of Major Traits 28
Genotype(cid:1)Environment Interactions 31
Use of Related Species 32
Polyploidy Breeding 33
v
vi Contents
Rapid Vegetative Propagation 33
Use of Molecular Markers 35
Transgenic Technologies 36
Germplasm Conservation 37
4
DEVELOPMENTALPHYSIOLOGY 39
Growth Cycle 39
Photoperiodism 44
Temperature 44
Nutrition 45
Water Deficit and Stress 46
Yield Potential 47
5
AGRONOMY 49
Soil Preparation 49
Propagule Selection and Preparation 50
Plant Densities and Crop Establishment 52
Intercropping 54
Weeding 56
Fertilization and Nutrient Disorders 57
Harvesting 60
6
PESTSANDDISEASES 63
Pests 63
Nematodes 67
Bacteria 67
Fungi 69
Viruses 71
Integrated Pest and Disease Management 75
7
POSTHARVESTQUALITYANDMARKETING 77
Chemical Composition 77
Physiological Disorders in Freshly Stored Roots 78
Marketing and Quality Standards 80
Storage Methods 81
Traditional Processing Techniques 83
Industrial Processing 85
Contents vii
SECTIONII SWEETPOTATO
8
ORIGINANDHISTORY 91
Domestication 91
Discovery of the Crop by Western Explorers 93
Present Geographical Distribution 97
9
TAXONOMYANDBOTANY 99
Classification 99
Morphological Description of Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam. 99
Related Species 102
Cytology 104
10
BREEDINGANDGENETICS 107
Objectives and Selection Criteria 107
Sexual Reproduction, Incompatibility and Sterility 108
Crossing Techniques and True Seed Production 110
Selection Methods and Programmes 111
Heritability of Major Traits 115
Genotype(cid:1)Environment Interactions 118
Use of Related Species 119
Rapid Vegetative Propagation 120
Use of Molecular Markers 122
Transgenic Technologies 123
Germplasm Conservation 125
11
DEVELOPMENTALPHYSIOLOGY 127
Growth Cycle 127
Photoperiodism 130
Temperature 131
Nutrition 133
Water Deficit and Stress 134
Yield Potential 136
12
AGRONOMY 139
Soil Preparation 139
Propagule Selection and Preparation 140
Plant Densities and Crop Establishment 142
viii Contents
Intercropping 143
Weeding 144
Fertilization and Nutrient Disorders 145
Harvesting 149
13
PESTSANDDISEASES 151
Pests 151
Nematodes 156
Bacteria 158
Fungi 160
Viruses 163
Integrated Pest and Disease Management 165
14
POSTHARVESTQUALITYANDMARKETING 167
Chemical Composition 167
Physiological Disorders in Freshly Stored Roots 171
Marketing and Quality Standards 171
Storage Methods 172
Traditional Processing Techniques 174
Industrial Processing 177
SECTIONIII YAMS
15
ORIGINANDHISTORY 183
Domestication 183
Discovery of the Crop by Western Explorers 187
Present Geographical Distribution 188
16
TAXONOMYANDBOTANY 191
Classification 191
Morphological Description of Major Cultivated Dioscorea spp. 193
Related Species 206
Cytology 207
17
BREEDINGANDGENETICS 211
Objectives and Selection Criteria 211
Sexual Reproduction and Sterility 213
Crossing Techniques and True Seed Production 214
Contents ix
Selection Methods and Programmes 216
Heritability of Major Traits 218
Genotype(cid:1)Environment Interactions 219
Use of Related Species 220
Polyploidy Breeding 221
Rapid Vegetative Propagation 221
Use of Molecular Markers 223
Transgenic Technologies 225
Germplasm Conservation 226
18
DEVELOPMENTALPHYSIOLOGY 229
Growth Cycle 229
Photoperiodism 232
Temperature 235
Nutrition 235
Water Deficit and Stress 236
Yield Potential 237
19
AGRONOMY 239
Soil Preparation 239
Propagule Selection and Preparation 241
Plant Densities and Crop Establishment 243
Intercropping 246
Weeding 246
Fertilization and Nutrient Disorders 248
Harvesting 250
20
PESTSANDDISEASES 253
Pests 253
Nematodes 254
Bacteria 256
Fungi 256
Viruses 260
Integrated Pest and Disease Management 263
21
POSTHARVESTQUALITYANDMARKETING 265
Chemical Composition 265
Physiological Disorders in Freshly Stored Tubers 268
Marketing and Quality Standards 269
x Contents
Storage Methods 270
Traditional Processing Techniques 272
Industrial Processing 274
SECTIONIV AROIDS
22
ORIGINANDHISTORY 279
Domestication 279
Discovery of the Crop by Western Explorers 281
Present Geographical Distribution 282
23
TAXONOMYANDBOTANY 285
Classification 285
Morphological Descriptions of Major Aroids 286
Related Species 298
Cytology 298
24
BREEDINGANDGENETICS 301
Objectives and Selection Criteria 301
Sexual Reproduction and Sterility 302
Crossing Techniques and True Seed Production 303
Selection Methods and Programmes 306
Heritability of Major Traits 308
Genotype(cid:1)Environment Interactions 309
Use of Related Species 311
Polyploidy Breeding 311
Rapid Vegetative Propagation 312
Use of Molecular Markers 313
Transgenic Technologies 315
Germplasm Conservation 315
25
DEVELOPMENTALPHYSIOLOGY 319
Growth Cycle 319
Photoperiodism 322
Temperature 323
Nutrition 324
Water Deficit and Stress 325
Yield Potential 326