Tropical Infectious Diseases. Principles, Pathogens, & Practice

1812 Pages·2006·80.396 MB·English

by  Richard L. Guerrant, MD, David H. Walker, MD, and Peter F. Weller, MD (Eds.)

1600 John F. Kennedy Boulevard
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TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES ISBN 13: 9780443066689
Principles, Pathogens, & Practice ISBN 10:0-443-06668-X
Second Edition Volume 1 Part Number: 9996003310
Copyright © 2006, 1999 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Volume 2 Part Number: 999600337X
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Notice
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate.
Readers are advised to check the most current informationprovided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the
manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method
and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on
his or her own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the
best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safetyprecautions. To the fullest extent
of the law, neither the publisher nor the Editors assume any liabilityfor any injury and/or damage to
persons or property arising out or related to any use of the material contained in this book.
Previous edition copyrighted 1999.
ISBN 13:9780443066689
ISBN 10:0-443-06668-X
Acquisitions Editor:Tom Hartman
Developmental Editor:Ann Ruzycka Anderson
Project Manager:Cecelia Bayruns
Design Direction:Ellen Zanolle
Cover Designer:Andy Chapman
Marketing Manager:Megan Carr
Printed in the United States of America.
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTRIBUTORS
Saad H. Abdalla, Mb,Bs (Khartoum); LRCP, MRCS, Ronald C. Ballard, MIBiol, PhD
FRCPath Chief, Laboratory Reference and Research Branch,
Senior Lecturer, Department of Haematology, Imperial Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control
College London; Honorary Consultant, Department of and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Haematology, St. Mary’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom Chlamydia trachomatisInfections of the Gential Tract
Approach to the Patient in the Tropics with Anemia (Oculogenital Infections and Lymphogranuloma Venerum)
Ban Mishu Allos, MD Alan G. Barbour, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Professor of Medicine and Microbiology and Molecular
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine; Genetics, Department of Microbiology and Molecular
Assistant Professor, Department of Preventive Medicine, Genetics and Medicine, University of California at Irvine,
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN Irvine, CA
CampylobacterInfections Relapsing Fever and Other BorreliaDiseases
Jon Kim Andrus, MD Michele Barry, MD, FACP
Chief, Immunization Unit, Family and Community Health, Professor of Medicine and Global Health, Department
Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC of Medicine and Epidemiology and Public Health,
Measles Yale University; Firm Chief, Generalist Firm,
Yale–New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT
Juanita Angel, MD, PhD Ascariasis
Associate Professor, Instituto de Genética Humana, Pontificia
Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Columbia Dan Bausch, MD, MPH&TM
Rotavirus Infections Associate Professor, Department of Tropical Medicine,
Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine;
Gregory M. Anstead, MD, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Section of
Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, University Infectious Diseases, Tulane University Medical Center,
of Texas Health Science Center; Staff Physician, Department New Orleans, LA
of Medicine, University Health System; Staff Physician, Arenavirus Infections
Department of Medicine, South Texas Veterans Healthcare
System, San Antonio, TX John E. Bennett, MD, MACP
Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Head, Clinical Mycology Section, Laboratory of
and Cryptococcosis; Paracoccidioidomycosis; Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy
Penicillioisis Marneffei and Infectious Diseases; Clinical Center, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
Eurico Arruda, MD, PhD Entomophthoramycosis, Lobomycosis, Rhinosporidiosis,
Professor of Microbiology, Department of Cell and Molecular and Sporotrichosis
Biology, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine,
Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil Steven L. Berk, MD
Respiratory Tract Viral Infections Professor of Medicine/Family Medicine and Mirick-Myers
Endowed Chair in Geriatric Medicine, Regional Dean,
Ray R. Arthur, PhD School of Medicine; Internal Medicine and Family
Associate Director for Global Health, National Center for Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center,
Infectious Diseases, National Centers for Disease Control Amarillo, TX
and Prevention, Atlanta, GA Strongyloidiasis
Surveillance for Emerging Infectious Diseases and
Bioterrorism Threats Pascal O. Bessong, BSc (Hons), MSc, PhD
Lecturer, Department of Microbiology, University of
Paul S. Auerbach, MD, MS, FACEP Venda for Science and Technology, Thohoyandou,
Clinical Professor of Surgery, Division of Emergency Medicine, Limpopo Province, South Africa; Research Fellow,
Department of Surgery; Attending Physician, Emergency Center for Global Health and Myles H. Thaler Center for
Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia,
Animal Poisons in the Tropics; Travel-Related Health Charlottesville, VA
Concerns Associated with Extremes of Environment Human Retroviral Infections in the Tropics
vi ■ Contributors
Frank J. Bia, MD, MPH, FACP Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Professor of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Co-Director, Astrovirus, Enteric Adenovirus, and Other Gastroenteritis
International Health Program, Department of Medicine, Viruses
Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
Neurologic Disease
Enrico Brunetti, MD
Assistant Professor, Division of Infectious and Tropical
Robert E. Black, MD, MPH Diseases, Pavia University; Attending Physician,
Edgar Berman Professor and Chair, Department of Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases,
International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD IRCCS S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
Nutrition and Miconutrients in Tropical Infectious Diseases Echinococcosis
Martin J. Blaser, MD, MACP
Fabrizio Bruschi, MD
Frederick H. King Professor and Chair, Department of
Professor of Parasitology, Department of Experimental
Medicine, New York University School of Medicine;
Pathology, MBIE, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Director, Medical Service, Bellevue Hospital Center;
Trichinellosis
Director, Medical Service, Tisch Hospital (NYU Medical
Center); Staff Physician, Medical Service, New York Harbor
Oluma Yoseph Bushen, MD
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, NY
Fellow, Infectious Disease, Center for Global Health,
CampylobacterInfections
Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
Thomas P. Bleck, MD, FACP, FCCM, FCCP, FIDSA, FAAN
Cryptosporidiosis
The Louise Nerancy Eminent Scholar in Neurology and
Professor of Neurology, Neurological Surgery, and Internal
Medicine; Director, Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Carlos C. Campbell, MD
Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Director, Arizona Area Health Education Center,
Charlottesville, VA Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona,
Tetanus; Rabies; Neurologic Disease Tucson, AZ
Malaria
David A. Bobak, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Martin S. Cetron, MD
Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve Director, Department of Global Migration and Quarantine,
University School of Medicine; Staff Physician and Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Adjunct
Traveler’s Healthcare Clinic, Department of Medicine, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Case Medical Center/University Hospitals of Cleveland; Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University
Staff Physician, Department of Medicine, Louis B. Stokes VA School of Medicine; Adjunct Assistant Professor
Medical Center, Cleveland, OH of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology,
Enteric ClostridiumInfections; Travel-Related Health Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University,
Concerns Associated with Extremes of Environment Atlanta, GA
Migrant, Immigrant, and Refugee Health
Luciana L. Borio, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, University of
Thomas Cherian, MB, BS, DCH, MD
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Assistant Professor, Department
Scientist, Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health
of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University; Center for
Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Biosecurity of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,
Haemophilus influenzae(Including H. aegyptius)
Baltimore, MD
Infection
Smallpox and Monkeypox
Otavio L. Cintra, MD
Michael D. Bowen, MSc, PhD
Department of Pediatrics, University of Sao Paulo
Microbiologist, Bioterrorism Rapid Response and Advanced
School of Medicine at Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto,
Technology Laboratory, Bioterrorism Preparedness and
Sao Paulo, Brazil
Response Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases,
Respiratory Tract Viral Infections
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Arenavirus Infections
Richard F. Clark, MD, FACEP, FACMT
Joseph S. Bresee, MD, FAAP Professor, Department of Medicine, University of
Assistant Professor, Department of Family and Preventive California at San Diego; Director, Division of Medical
Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Toxicology, UCSD Medical Center; Medical Director,
Lead, Epidemiology Team, Respiratory and Enteric Virus San Diego Division, California Poison Control System,
Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, San Diego, CA
National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Plant Toxins in the Tropics
Contributors ■ vii
Myron S. Cohen, MD Mustapha A. Danesi, MB, FRCPI, FMCP, FWACP
J. Herbert Bate Distinguished Professor of Medicine, Professor, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine,
Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, University of Lagos; Consultant Physician and Neurologist,
Chief, Infectious Diseases, Director, Center for Clinical Department of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching
Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hospital, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Neurologic Disease
UNC Health Care Systems, Chapel Hill, NC
Sexually Transmitted and Urinary Tract Infections Chandler R. Dawson, MD
Professor, F.I. Proctor Foundation, Professor, Department
Robert Colebunders, MD, PhD of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco,
Professor of Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical San Francisco, CA
Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine; Professor of Trachoma
Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of
Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Catherine de Martel, MD, MS
Approach to the Patient with HIV and Coinfecting Tropical Department of Health Research and Policy,
Infectious Diseases Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
Tropical Infectious Diseases and Malignancy
Ed Cooper, MD, FRCP, FAAP
Clinical Consultant, Partnership for Child Development,
David T. Dennis, MD, MPH, DCMT
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty Affiliate, Department of Microbiology,
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University;
London, United Kingdom Guest Researcher, Consultant, Division of Vector-Borne
Trichuriasis Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Fort Collins, CO
Christina M. Coyle, MD, MS Plague
Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Director of Clinical
Ciro A. de Quadros, MD, MPH
Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine,
Director, International Programs, Albert B. Sabin Vaccine
Jacobi Hospital, Bronx, NY
Institute, Washington, DC
Cysticercosis
Measles
D.W.T. Crompton, OBE, MA, ScD, FRSE Rebecca Dillingham, MD
Professor, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Fellow, Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, Disease and International Medicine, University of Virginia
United Kingdom Health System, Charlottesville, VA
Ascariasis Social and Cultural Factors in Tropical Medicine: Reframing
Our Understanding of Disease; Cyclospora, Isospora,
John H. Cross, PhD and SarcosystisInfections
Professor, Department of Preventive Medicine
and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University
John E. Donelson, PhD
of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD Professor, Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa,
Liver, Lung, and Intestinal Fluke Infections Iowa City, IA
African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)
Markus Czub, DVM, PhD
Adjunct Professor, Department of Medical Microbiology,
J. Stephen Dumler, MD
University of Manitoba; Canadian Science Centre Professor of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology,
for Human and Animal Health, Winnipeg, Department of Pathology, Professor, Cellular and Molecular
Manitoba, Canada Medicine Program, The Johns Hopkins University School
Nipah and Hendra Viral Infections of Medicine; Associate Director, Division of Medical
Microbiology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins
Johanna P. Daily, MD Hospital; Professor, Department of Molecular Microbiology
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg
Hepatobiliary Disease School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
Ehrlichioses and Anaplasmosis
David Allan Brett Dance, HB, CLB, MSc, FRCPath
Consultant Microbiologist, Derriford Hospital; Regional Herbert L. DuPont, MD, FACP
Microbiologist (Southwest), Health Protection Agency, Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology,
Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom University of Texas, School of Public Health; Director,
Melioidosis Center for Infectious Disease, University of Texas–Houston,
viii ■ Contributors
School of Public Health; Clinical Professor, Department Heinz Feldmann, MD
of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine; Chief, Internal Associate Professor, Department of Medical Microbiology,
Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Luke’s University of Manitoba; Head, Special Pathogens Program,
Episcopal Hospital, Houston, TX Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba,
Gastrointestinal Symptoms Canada
Filovirus Infections
Marlene Durand, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Harvard Ramon Flick, PhD
Medical School; Associate Physician, Infectious Disease Unit, Assistant Professor, Center for Biodefense and Emerging
Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Infectious Diseases and WHO Collaborating Center for
Director, Infectious Disease Service, Massachusetts Eye Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology, University
and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
Ocular Disease Nipah and Hendra Viral Infections; Arenavirus Infections;
Bunyaviral Fevers: Rift Valley Fever and Crimean-Congo
Mark L. Eberhard, PhD Hemorrhagic Fever
Director, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers
for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA Kimberley K. Fox, MD, MPH
Zoonotic Filariasis Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine,
Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Chief, Asia Regional
Charles Edwards, MB, BS, FRCPC, FACP Activities, Global AIDS Program, US Centers for
Department Head, Department of Medicine, Disease Control and Prevention, Bangkok, Thailand
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, St. Michael, Barbados Sexually Transmitted and Urinary Tract Infections
Leptospirosis
Manuel Franco, MD, PhD
Rachel Barwick Eidex, PhD Associate Professor, Instituto de Genética Humana,
Epidemiologist, Division of Global Migration and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Rotavirus Infections
Atlanta, GA
Yellow Fever David O. Freedman, MD
Professor of Medicine and Public Health, Division
Jerrold J. Ellner, MD, FACP of Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at
Professor and Chair, Department of Medicine, University of Birmingham; Director, UAB Travelers Health Clinic, UAB
Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey/New Jersey Medical Health System; Director, Gorgas Course in Clinical Tropical
School; Professor and Chair, Department of Medicine, Medicine in Lima, Peru, Gorgas Memorial Institute,
University Hospitals, Newark, NJ Birmingham, AL
Tuberculosis and Atypical Myobacterial Infections Onchocerciasis
Delia A. Enria, MD, MPH Hector H. Garcia, MD, PhD
Director, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology,
Humanas, Pergamino, Argentina Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Head,
Arenavirus Infections Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto de Ciencias Neurologicas,
Lima, Peru
Cysticercosis
Judith E. Epstein, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed
Services University of the Health Sciences; Affiliate Staff, Robert M. Genta, MD, DTM&H, FACG
Pediatric Infectious Diseases, National Naval Medical Center, Professor and Chair, Department of Pathology,
Bethesda, MD; Affiliate Staff, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva,
Walter Reed Army Medical Center; Director, Malaria Switzerland
Program Clinical Trials, Naval Medical Research Center, Strongyloidiasis
Silver Spring, MD
Typhoid Fever Robert H. Gilman, MD, DTM&H
Professor, Department of International Health, Johns
Paul E. Farmer, MD, PhD Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
Presley Professor of Medical Anthropology, Department Helicobacter pyloriInfections
of Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief,
Division of Social Medicine and Health Inequalities, Brigham Roger I. Glass, MD, PhD
and Women’s Hospital; Founding Director, Partners Chief, Viral Gastroenteritis Section, Centers for Disease
in Health, Boston, MA Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Social and Cultural Factors in Tropical Medicine: Reframing Astrovirus, Enteric Adenovirus, and Other Gastroenteritis
Our Understanding of Disease Viruses
Contributors ■ ix
Jerome Goddard, PhD Yezid Gutierrez, MD, MPH&TM, PhD
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Adjunct Staff, Department of Laboratory Medicine,
The University of Mississippi Medical Center; State Medical The Cleveland Clinic Educational Foundation,
Entomologist, General Environmental Services, Mississippi Cleveland, OH
Department of Health, Jackson, MS Other Tissue Nematode Infections
Arthropods, Tongue Worms, Leeches, and Arthropod-borne
Diseases Frederick G. Hayden, MD
Professor of Internal Medicine and Pathology,
Eduardo Gotuzzo, MD, FACP Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia
Director, Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von School of Medicine; Physician, Department of Internal
Humboldt,” Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia Health
Chief, Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine System, Charlottesville, VA
and Dermatology, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Respiratory Tract Viral Infections
Lima, Peru
Cholera Infections; Brucellosis; Gastrointestinal Symptoms; Donald A. Henderson, MD, MPH
Tropical Infectious Disease Concerns in Pregnancy Professor of Medicine and Public Health, Department
of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh; Resident
Bruno P. Granwehr, MD Scholar, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,
Fellow, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Center for Biosecurity, Baltimore, MD
Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch; Disease Eradication and Control; Smallpox
Masters Student, Clinical Science Graduate Program, and Monkeypox
Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health,
Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Bradley S. Hersh, MD, MPH
Medical Branch, Galveston, TX Medical Officer, Department of Immunization, Vaccines
Japanese Encephalitis and West Nile and Other Flavivirus and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva,
Infections Switzerland
Measles
John R. Graybill, MD
Professor and Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Barbara L. Herwaldt, MD, MPH
Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Medical Epidemiologist, Division of Parasitic Diseases,
Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Atlanta, GA
Cryptococcosis; Paracoccidioidomycosis; Penicillioisis Marneffei Cyclospora, Isospora,and SarcosystisInfections
Harry B. Greenberg, MD, FACP Erik L. Hewlett, MD
Professor, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Professor, Department of Medicine and Pharmacology,
Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine; Attending
Stanford, CA; Staff Physician, Department of Medicine, Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, University
Division of Gastroenterology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto of Virginia Hospital, Charlottesville, VA
Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA Pertussis
Rotavirus Infections
David R. Hill, MD, DTM&H
Duane J. Gubler, MS, ScD Honorary Professor, Department of Infectious and
Director, Asia-Pacific Institute of Tropical Medicine and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and
Infectious Diseases, Chair, Department of Tropical Medicine, Tropical Medicine; Director, National Travel Health Network
Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns and Centre, London, United Kingdom
School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI Intestinal Flagellate and Ciliate Infections
Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
Paul Hoffman, PhD
Richard L. Guerrant, MD, FACP Associate Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases and
Thomas H. Hunter Professor of International Medicine, International Health, Department of Internal Medicine,
Director, Center for Global Health, University of Virginia; University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Legionellosis
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Hospital,
Charlottesville, VA Stephen L. Hoffman, MD, DTMH
Principles of Parasitism: Host–Parasite Interactions; Chief Executive Officer, Sanaria Inc., Rockville, MD;
Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases; Chemotherapy Adjunct Professor, Department of Preventive Medicine
of Bacterial, Fungal, and Viral Diseases; Enteric and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the
Escherichia coliInfections; Cryptosporidiosis;Cyclospora, Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
Isospora,and SarcosystisInfections Typhoid Fever; Malaria
x ■ Contributors
Edward W. Hook, III, MD, FACP Selma M.B. Jeronimo, MD, PhD
Professor of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Universidade
University of Alabama at Birmingham; Medical Director, Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
STD Control Program, Jefferson County Department of Leishmaniasis
Health, Birmingham, AL
Treponemal Infections John L. Johnson, MD, FACP
Associate Professor of Medicine and International Health,
Donald R. Hopkins, MD, MPH Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine,
Associate Executive Director, The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Staff
Dracunculiasis Physician, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH
Duane R. Hospenthal, MD, PhD, FACP, FIDSA, Tuberculosis and Atypical Myobacterial Infections
Lt. Col., US Army
Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Christopher L. Karp, MD
F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services Boomer Esiason Professor of Pediatrics, Director, Division
University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Chief, of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital
Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Brooke Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX; Clinical Approach to the Patient with HIV and Coinfecting Tropical
Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Infectious Diseases
Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
Entomophthoramycosis, Lobomycosis, Rhinosporidiosis,
James W. Kazura, MD
and Sporotrichosis
Professor, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case
School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University;
Peter J. Hotez, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals
Professor and Chair, Department of Microbiology and of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH
Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Filariasis
Washington, DC
Hookworm Infections
Peter Kern, MD, DTM&H (Hamburg)
Professor of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Division of
S. David Hudnall, MD
Infectious Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University
Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory
Hospital and Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch,
Echinococcosis
Galveston, TX
Human Herpesvirus Infections
Gerald T. Keusch, MD
Assistant Provost and Associate Dean for Global Health,
James M. Hughes, MD, FACP
Boston University Medical Campus and School of Public
Director, Program in Global Infectious Diseases; Associate
Health, Boston, MA
Director, Southeastern Center for Emerging Biologic Threats,
Nutrition and Miconutrients in Tropical Infectious Diseases;
Emory University School of Medicine; Director, Center for
Shigellosis
Global Safe Water, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA
Surveillance for Emerging Infectious Diseases
Jay S. Keystone, MD, MSc(CTM), FRCPC
and Bioterrorism Threats
Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto;
Staff Physician, Tropical Disease Unit, Toronto General
Raul E. Isturiz, MD, FACP
Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Chief, Infectious Diseases Section, Centro Medico de
Health Advice for International Travel; Delusional Parasitosis
Caracas; Chief, Infectious Diseases Section, Centro Medico
Docente la Tunidad, Caracas, Venezuela
Tropical Infectious Disease Concerns in Pregnancy Charles H. King, MD, MS, FACP
Associate Professor of International Health, Center for
Hamid Jafari, MBBS Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve
Director, Global Immunization Division, National University; Attending Physician, Department of Medicine,
Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH
and Prevention, Atlanta, GA Schistosomiasis
Enterovirus Infections, Including Poliomyelitis
Louis V. Kirchhoff, MD, MPH
Maria C. Jaimes, MD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious
Postdoctoral Fellow, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology Diseases) and Epidemiology, University of Iowa; Staff
and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Physician, Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs
Stanford, CA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA
Rotavirus Infections American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ Disease)
Contributors ■ xi
Amy D. Klion, MD Peter Leone, MD
Staff Clinician, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina;
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD Medical Director, HIV/STD Prevention and Care Branch,
Loiasis and MansonellaInfection North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services,
Chapel Hill, NC
Keith P. Klugman, MD, PhD Gonococcal and Other Neisserial Infections
Professor, Department of International Health, Rollins
School of Public Health, Professor, Division of Infectious Paul N. Levett, PhD, ABMM, FCCM
Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Assistant Clinical Director, Provincial Laboratory,
Atlanta, GA; Director, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Saskatchewan Health, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Leptospirosis
Medical Research Council, National Institute for
Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa Michael Levin, PhD, FRCP, FRCPCH, F MED SCi
Pneumococcal Infections Professor, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College
London; Consultant in Paediatric Infectious Diseases,
Dennis J. Kopecko, PhD Department of Paediatrics, St. Mary’s Hospital NHS Trust,
Chief, Laboratory of Enteric and Sexually Transmitted Paddington, London, United Kingdom
Diseases, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Host Genetics and Susceptibility to Infection
Biologics Evaluation and Research, Bethesda, MD
Shigellosis Myron M. Levine, MD, DTPH, FAAP, FACPM
Professor, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Director,
Margaret Kosek, MD Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland
Assistant Scientist, Department of International Health, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Cholera Infections
Baltimore, MD
Nutrition and Miconutrients in Tropical Infectious Diseases Aldo A. M. Lima, MD, PhD
Professor, Clinical Research Unit and Institute of
Phyllis E. Kozarsky, MD Biomedicine/Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine;
Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine/Infectious University Hospital, Clinical Research Unit and Institute
Diseases; Chief, Geographic Medicine and Travelers’ Health of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine; Pharmacology,
Section, Department of Medicine, Emory Unversity School Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal
of Medicine, Atlanta, GA University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil
Health Advice for International Travel Cryptosporidiosis
Tim Kuberski, MD David L. Longworth, MD
Consultant in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Deputy Chairman, Department of Medicine, Tufts University
Private Practice, Glendale, AZ School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Chairman,
Angiostrongyliasis Department of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center,
Springfield, MA
James L. Larson, Jr., MD, FACEP Cutaneous Lesions
Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, J. Dick MacLean, MD, FRCPC, MRCP(UK),
Chapel Hill, NC DCMT(Lond)
Plant Toxins in the Tropics Professor of Medicine, Director, Department of Medicine,
McGill Centre for Tropical Diseases, McGill University;
James W. Leduc, PhD Senior Physician, Department of Medicine, Division of
Director, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Tropical Diseases, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal,
Center for Infectious Diseases, National Centers for Disease Quebec, Canada
Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA Liver, Lung, and Intestinal Fluke Infections
Surveillance for Emerging Infectious Diseases
and Bioterrorism Threats Alan J. Magill, MD, FACP (COL, MCUSA)
Associate Professor, Department of Preventive Medicine and
Stanley M. Lemon, MD Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health
John Sealy Distinguished University Chair and Director, Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Attending Physician, Infectious
Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Disease Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center,
University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Washington, DC; Science Director, Walter Reed Army
Galveston, TX Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
Viral Hepatitis Infectious Diseases in Modern Military Forces
xii ■ Contributors
Ciro Maguiña, MD Gregory J. Martin, MD, FACP, Captain, Medical Corps,
Director, Adjunto del IMT-AVH-UPCH, Departamento de US Navy
Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal
Medico Infectologo Tropicalista, Departamento de Medicina Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD;
Tropical, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Officer in Charge, US Naval Medical Research Center
Lima, Peru Detachment, Lima, Lima, Peru
Bartonelloses Approach to the Patient in the Tropics with Pulmonary
Disease
James H. Maguire, MD, MPH
Professor and Head, International Health Division, Tadahiko Matsumoto, MD, DMSc
University of Maryland School of Medicine, Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology, Juntendo
Baltimore, MD University School of Medicine; Clinical Professor,
Babesiosis; Pathogenic and Opportunistic Free-Living Department of Dermatology, Keio University School
Amebas: Acanthamoebaspp., Balamuthiamandrillaris, of Medicine; Director, Department of Dermatology,
Naegleria fowleri,and Sappina diploidia;Systemic Toshiba Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Clinical Professor,
Coccidia (Toxoplasmosis); Hepatobiliary Disease Department of Dermatology, Kurume University School
of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Adjunct Professor,
Siddhartha Mahanty, MBBS, MPH Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School
Staff Physician, Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Chromoblastomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis
National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
Liver, Lung, and Intestinal Fluke Infections Steven D. Mawhorter, MD, DTMH
Staff Physician, Department of Infectious Diseases,
El-Sheikh Mahgoub, MD, PhD, FRCPath Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH;
Professor of Microbiology, Department of Medical Clinical Assistant Professor, Pennsylvania State University
Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Hershey, PA
University of Khartoum; Professor of Medical Education Cutaneous Lesions
and Research, Sudan Medical Specialisation Board,
Khartoum, Sudan James S. McCarthy, MD, FRACP, DH&TM
Mycetoma Associate Professor of Tropical Medicine and Infectious
Diseases, School of Population Health, University of
Susan A. Maloney, MD, MHSc, FAAP Queensland; Staff Specialist, Department of Infectious
Acting Chief, Immigrant, Refugee, and Migrant Diseases, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital;
Health Branch, Division of Global Migration Senior Research Fellow, Infectious Diseases and
and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control Immunology, Queensland Institute for Medical Research,
and Prevention, Atlanta, GA Herston, Australia
Migrant, Immigrant, and Refugee Health Toxocariasis and Larva Migrans Syndromes; Enterobiasis
Anthony A. Marfin, MD, MPH, MA Michael R. McGinnis, PhD
Quarantine Medical Officer, San Francisco Quarantine Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Texas
Station, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dermatophytosis
San Francisco, CA
Yellow Fever Paul S. Mead, MD, MPH
Chief, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology and Diagnostic
Thomas J. Marrie, MD Activity, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne
Dean of Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases,
Alberta; University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
Alberta, Canada Fort Collins, CO
Legionellosis; Psittacosis; Q Fever Plague
Barry J. Marshall, FRACP, FRS, FAA Wayne M. Meyers, MD, PhD, DSc (Hon)
NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellow, Department of Chief, Mycobacteriology, Department of Infectious
Microbiology, University of Western Australia; Consultant and Parasitic Disease Pathology, Armed Forces Institute
Gastroenterologist, Department of Gastroenterology, of Pathology, Washington, DC; Research Affiliate, Tulane
Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Regional Primate Research Center, Tulane University,
Australia New Orleans, LA
Helicobacter pyloriInfections Mycobacterium ulceransInfection (Buruli Ulcer); Leprosy
Contributors ■ xiii
Samuel I. Miller, MD of Social Medicine and Health Inequalities, Brigham
Professor, Department of Medicine, Microbiology, and and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA; Associate Member,
Genome Sciences; Professor, Department of Medicine, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
University of Washington, Seattle, WA Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Nontyphoidal Salmonellosis
K. Darwin Murrell, PhD
James N. Mills, PhD Senior Scientist, Centre for Experimental Parasitology,
Chief, Medical Ecology Unit, Division of Viral Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University,
and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Copenhagen, Denmark; Adjunct Professor,
Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics,
Atlanta, GA Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences,
Arenavirus Infections; Hantavirus Infections Bethesda, MD
Trichinellosis
Michael Minnick, PhD
Professor of Microbiology, Assistant Dean, Division G. Balakrish Nair, PhD, FNA, FNASc
of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Director, Laboratory Sciences Division,
Missoula, MT International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research,
Bartonelloses Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
“Noncholera” VibrioInfections
Thomas P. Monath, MD, FACP
Chief Scientific Officer, Acambis Inc., Cambridge, MA; Theodore E. Nash, MD
Adjunct Professor, Department of Molecular Biology Head, Gastrointestinal Parasites Section, Laboratory
and Immunology, Harvard School of Public Health, of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy
Boston, MA and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health,
Yellow Fever Bethesda, MD
Intestinal Flagellate and Ciliate Infections
Stephan S. Monroe, PhD
Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center Barnett R. Nathan, MD
for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology,
Prevention, Atlanta, GA University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
Calicivirus Infections Tetanus
Thomas A. Moore, MD, FACP Anne Nicholson-Weller, MD
Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Internal Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School;
Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine–Wichita, Physician in Medicine, Divisions of Infectious Disease
Wichita, KS and Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine,
Toxocariasis and Larva Migrans Syndromes; Enterobiasis Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,
Boston, MA
Jonathan P. Moorman, MD, PhD Immunology, Host Defense, Immunodeficiencies,
Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, and Vaccines
James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State
University, Johnson City, TN; Section Chief, Department of Robert L. Norris, MD, FACEP
Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Stanford
Mountain Home, TN University Medical Center; Chief, Department of
Enteric ClostridiumInfections Emergency Medicine, Stanford Hospital and Clinics,
Stanford, CA
J. Glenn Morris, Jr., MD, MPH&TM Animal Poisons in the Tropics
Professor and Chairman, Department of Epidemiology
and Preventive Medicine, Professor of Medicine Thomas B. Nutman, MD
(Infectious Diseases), Professor of Microbiology Head, Helminth Immunology Section and Head, Clinical
and Immunology, University of Maryland School Parasitology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National
of Medicine, Baltimore, MD Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
“Noncholera” VibrioInfections Filariasis; Loiasis and MansonellaInfection
Megan Murray, MD, ScD Nigel O’Farrell, MSc, MD, MRCP
Assistant Professor, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard Pasteur Suite, Ealing Hospital, London, United Kingdom
School of Public Health; Instructor, Infectious Disease Unit, Calymmatobacterium granulomatisInfection
Massachusetts General Hospital; Instructor, Division (Donovanosis)