Tropical Fruit Tree Diversity Edited by Bhuwon Sthapit, Hugo AH Lamers, V. Ramanatha Rao and ...

458 Pages·2016·7.52 MB·English

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from global experts, not only from the case study countries but also from Brazil, China and
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A good practice for diversity is defined as a system, organization or process that, over time
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ity to and from farmers and other users. Drawing on experiences from a UNEP-GEF project c
on “Conservation and Sustainable Use of Wild and Cultivated Tropical Fruit Tree Diversity a
for Promoting Livelihoods, Food Security and Ecosystem Services”, with case studies from l

India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, the authors show how methods for identifying F
good practices are still evolving and challenges in scaling-up remain. They identify key r
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from external experts to broaden its scope and relevance.
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e Tree Diversity
Bhuwon Sthapit is an in situ conservation specialist at Bioversity International based in Pokhara, Nepal. e

Hugo A.H. Lamers is an associate scientist at Bioversity International based in New Delhi, India.
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V. Ramanatha Rao has worked in plant genetic resources at ICRISAT (Hyderabad, India) and at Bioversity GOOD PRACTICES FOR IN SITU AND ON-FARM
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International (Italy, Singapore and Malaysia). v CONSERVATION
Arwen Bailey is Science Editor at Bioversity International based in Rome, Italy. e
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Bhuwon Sthapit, Hugo A. H. Lamers, V. Ramanatha Rao
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y and Arwen Bailey
Cover photos: Bhuwon Sthapit ENVIRONMENT / AGRICULTURE / ECOLOGY
www.routledge.com
Routledge titles are available as eBook editions in a range of digital formats
Tropical Fruit Tree Diversity
Farmers have developed a range of agricultural practices to sustainably use and
maintain a wide diversity of crop species in many parts of the world. This
book documents good practices innovated by farmers and collects key reviews
on good practices from global experts, not only from the case study countries
but also from Brazil, China and other parts of Asia and Latin America.
A good practice for diversity is defined as a system, organization or process
that, over time and space, maintains, enhances and creates crop genetic diversity,
and ensures its availability to and from farmers and other users. Drawing
on experiences from a UNEP-GEF project on ‘Conservation and Sustainable
Use of Wild and Cultivated Tropical Fruit Tree Diversity for Promoting
Livelihoods, Food Security and Ecosystem Services’, with case studies from
India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, the authors show how methods for
identifying good practices are still evolving and challenges in scaling-up remain.
They identify key principles effective as a strategy for mainstreaming good
practice into development efforts. Few books draw principles and lessons
learned from good practices. This book fills this gap by combining good
practices from the research project on tropical fruit trees with chapters from
external experts to broaden its scope and relevance.
Bhuwon Sthapit is an in situ conservation specialist at Bioversity International
based in Pokhara, Nepal.
Hugo A.H. Lamers is an associate scientist at Bioversity International based
in New Delhi, India.
V. Ramanatha Rao has worked in plant genetic resources at ICRISAT
(Hyderabad, India) and at Bioversity International (Italy, Singapore and
Malaysia).
Arwen Bailey is science editor at Bioversity International based in Rome,
Italy.
Issues in Agricultural Biodiversity
Series editors: Michael Halewood and Danny Hunter
This series of books is published by Earthscan in association with Bioversity
International. The aim of the series is to review the current state of knowledge
in topical issues associated with agricultural biodiversity, to identify gaps in our
knowledge base, to synthesize lessons learned and to propose future research and
development actions. The overall objective is to increase the sustainable use of
biodiversity in improving people’s well-being and food and nutrition security.
The series’ scope is all aspects of agricultural biodiversity, ranging from
conservation biology of genetic resources through social sciences to policy and
legal aspects. It also covers the fields of research, education, communication and
coordination, information management and knowledge sharing.
Published titles:
Crop Wild Relatives
A Manual of in situ Conservation
Edited by Danny Hunter and Vernon Heywood
The Economics of Managing Crop Diversity On-Farm
Case Studies from the Genetic Resources Policy Initiative
Edited by Edilegnaw Wale, Adam Drucker and Kerstin Zander
Plant Genetic Resources and Food Security
Stakeholder Perspectives on the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources
for Food and Agriculture
Edited by Christine Frison, Francisco López and José T. Esquinas
Crop Genetic Resources as a Global Commons
Challenges in International Law and Governance
Edited by Michael Halewood, Isabel López Noriega and Selim Louafi
Community Biodiversity Management
Promoting Resilience and the Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources
Edited by Walter S. de Boef, Abishkar Subedi, Nivaldo Peroni and Marja Thijssen
Diversifying Food and Diets
Using Agricultural Biodiversity to Improve Nutrition and Health
Edited by Jessica Fanzo, Danny Hunter, Teresa Borelli and Federico Mattei
Community Seed Banks
Origins, Evolution and Prospects
Edited by Ronnie Vernooy, Pitambar Shrestha and Bhuwon Sthapit
Farmers’ Crop Varieties and Farmers’ Rights
Challenges in Taxonomy and Law
Michael Halewood
Tropical Fruit Tree Diversity
Good practices for in situ and on-farm conservation
Edited by Bhuwon Sthapit, Hugo A.H. Lamers, V. Ramanatha Rao and Arwen Bailey
Tropical Fruit Tree Diversity
Good practices for in situ
and on-farm conservation
Edited by
Bhuwon Sthapit, Hugo A.H. Lamers,
V. Ramanatha Rao and Arwen Bailey
First published 2016
by Routledge
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Names: Sthapit, Bhuwon.
Title: Tropical fruit tree biodiversity : good practices for in situ and
on-farm conservation / edited by Bhuwon Sthapit, Hugo A.H.
Lamers, V. Ramanatha Rao and Arwen Bailey.
Description: New York : Routledge, 2016. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015039779| ISBN 9781138781276 (hbk) |
ISBN 9781315758459 (ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: Fruit trees—Conservation—Tropics.
Classification: LCC SB359 .T679 2016 | DDC 634—dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015039779
ISBN: 978-1-138-78127-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-75845-9 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo
by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon
Contents
List of illustrations xi
List of contributors xix
List of abbreviations and acronyms xxxi
List of species xxxv
Acknowledgements xxxvii
Foreword xl
Preface xlii
PART 1
Setting context 1
1 On-farm and in situ conservation of tropical fruit
tree diversity: context and conceptual framework 3
BHUWON STHAPIT, HUGO A.H. LAMERS, V. RAMANATHA RAO,
ARWEN BAILEY, PERCY SAJISE AND PAUL QUEK
2 Key concepts 23
BHUWON STHAPIT, V. RAMANATHA RAO AND HUGO A.H. LAMERS
3 Community Biodiversity Management as an approach
for realizing on-farm management of agricultural
biodiversity 31
BHUWON STHAPIT, HUGO A.H. LAMERS, V. RAMANATHA RAO
AND ARWEN BAILEY
4 Custodians of tropical fruit tree diversity: identifying
and strengthening the roles and rights of custodian
farmers 67
BHUWON STHAPIT, HUGO A.H. LAMERS AND V. RAMANATHA RAO
vi Contents
PART 2
Good practices of agricultural biodiversity
management and sustainable use 81
5 Good practices for conservation and sustainable use
of crop wild relatives of tropical fruit tree diversity 83
DANNY HUNTER AND SUCHITRA CHANGTRAGOON
6 Exotic and indigenous fruit tree diversity on farm
and the conservation of tree genetic resources:
case studies from sub-Saharan Africa 96
KATJA KEHLENBECK, MARTIN WIEHLE, ANNE SENNHENN AND
JENS GEBAUER
7 Promoting community management of underutilized
tropical and subtropical fruit genetic resources in
Brazil 106
JOSUÉ FRANCISCO DA SILVA JÚNIOR, DALVA MARIA DA MOTA,
ROSA LIA BARBIERI AND ADRIANA ALERCIA
8 Good practice: using intraspecific crop diversity to
manage pests and pathogens in China 112
KEYU BAI, HUAXIAN PENG, JIE WU, YAYUN YANG, ENLAI ZHANG,
LUYUAN DAI, CHUNMIN LU, YUNYUE WANG, JIE YUAN, CHUNLIN
LONG, PAOLA DE SANTIS AND DEVRA I. JARVIS
9 Kandyan home gardens: a time-tested good practice
from Sri Lanka for conserving tropical fruit tree
diversity 127
D.K.N.G. PUSHPAKUMARA, H.M.S. HEENKENDA, B. MARAMBE,
R.H.G. RANIL, B.V.R. PUNYAWARDENA, J. WEERAHEWA, G.L.L.P. SILVA,
DANNY HUNTER AND J. RIZVI
10 Amazonian fruits: how farmers nurture nutritional
diversity on farm and in the forest 147
PATRICIA SHANLEY, CHARLES R. CLEMENT, JOSÉ EDMAR URANO
DE CARVALHO, ALFREDO KINGO OYAMA HOMMA AND ANTONIO
JOSÉELIAS AMORIM DE MENEZES
Contents vii
PART 3
Case studies of the project ‘Conservation and
Sustainable Use of Tropical Fruit Tree Diversity’
from South and Southeast Asia 161
Case studies: Propagation and planting materials 163
11 A suite of propagation and management techniques
for Garcinia in the central Western Ghats region of
Karnataka, India 165
VASUDEVA R, B.M.C. REDDY AND BHUWON STHAPIT
12 A set of interconnected practices which enhance and
conserve mango diversity in Malihabad, India 172
SHAILENDRA RAJAN, HUGO A.H. LAMERS AND BARSATI LAL
13 Maintenance of mother blocks of Citrus rootstocks
by farmers and nurseries for production of high-quality
planting materials 184
INDRA PAL SINGH
14 Marcotting as a good practice for maintaining diversity
of Citrus in swampy lands of South Kalimantan,
Indonesia 191
ACHMAD RAFIEQ, MUHAMMAD SABRAN, SUSI LESMAYATI,
M. WINARNO AND IDHA WIDI ARSANTI
15 Combination of side-grafting technique and informal
germplasm exchange system in non-irrigated mango
orchards in Thailand 199
PICHIT SRIPINTA, SUPATTANAKIT POSAWANG, CHATCHANOK
NOPPORNPHAN, SONGPOL SOMSRI AND BHUWON STHAPIT
16 Propagation and pruning techniques of Garcinia
atroviridis (asam gelugor) in Bukit Gantang, Perak,
Malaysia 205
ZAHIMI HASSAN, NORHAYATI MD HARON, MOHD NIZAM ABDULLAH,
MUHAMMAD SHAFIE MD SAH, SALMA IDRIS, HUGO A.H. LAMERS AND
BHUWON STHAPIT
viii Contents
Case studies: Production and crop management 215
17 The role of a traditional festival, Chhath Puja, in the
conservation and sustainable use of tropical fruits 217
AWTAR SINGH, VISHAL NATH, SANJAY KUMAR SINGH, BHUWON
STHAPIT AND B.M.C. REDDY
18 Multivarietal orchards: an age-old conservation
practice in mango 226
T.M. GAJANANA, M.R. DINESH, SUDHA MYSORE, C. VASUGI,
BHUWON STHAPIT, HUGO A.H. LAMERS, B.M.C. REDDY,
V. RAMANATHA RAO AND V. DAKSHINAMOORTHY
19 Integrated home gardens for maintaining mango and
citrus diversity and for family well-being in East Java 237
KUNTORO BOGA ANDRI, PUTU BAGUS DAROINI, M. WINARNO,
PRAMA YUFDY, NONO SUTRISNO AND IDHA WIDI ARSANTI
20 Management of Garcinia fusca for sustainable use 247
TAWATCHAI NIMKINGRAT, RATCHANEE SIRIYAN, AUTTAPON
RUKKAPHAN, MARGARET C. YOOVATANA AND SONGPOL SOMSRI
21 Production and management of an underutilized fruit:
aroi aroi (Garcinia forbesii King) in home gardens
and orchards 254
WILLIAM W.W. WONG, JAMALUDDIN LANI AND HUGO A.H. LAMERS
Case studies: Linking farmers with markets (commercialization
that supports diversity maintenance and livelihoods of the poor) 261
22 How can markets contribute to the conservation
of agricultural biodiversity on farms? From theory
to practice 263
HUGO A.H. LAMERS, FROUKJE KRUIJSSEN, BHUWON STHAPIT
AND V. RAMANATHA RAO
23 Agrotourism in Kampung Kakeng, Serian:
development and challenges 285
PEARLYCIA BROOKE, SALMA IDRIS, RATENG GIRID, LAU CHENG
YUON, MUHAMMAD SHAFIE MD SAH AND HUGO A.H. LAMERS
Contents ix
24 Conserving tropical fruit tree diversity by using their
products and promoting agrotourism: lessons from
an empowered community in southern Thailand 289
MONTREE ISSARAKRAISILA, MARGARET C. YOOVATANA AND
SONGPOL SOMSRI
25 Value addition of a local food using Garcinia cowa
leaves through collective action and marketing by
a women’s group 310
SAMROENG CHANGPRASERT, SOMBAT TONGTAO, CHATCHANOK
NOPPORNPHAN AND SONGPOL SOMSRI
26 Value creation for Garcinia gummi-gutta and Garcinia
indica through energy-efficient dryers and product
differentiation in the central Western Ghats region of
Karnataka, India 320
VASUDEVA R, NARASIMHA HEGDE, B.M.C. REDDY AND
BHUWON STHAPIT
Case studies: Working with communities and multi-stakeholder
partners 329
27 Community forests: utilization and informal regulation
for tropical fruit tree conservation 331
ADHITYA MARENDRA KILOES, KUNTORO BOGA ANDRI, ACHMAD
RAFIEQ, M. WINARNO, IDHA WIDI ARSANTI AND ZAHIROTUL
HIKMAH HASSAN
28 An informal network of grafting experts to help
communities conserve and use wild pickle mango
(Mangifera indica) diversity in the central Western
Ghats region of Karnataka, India 342
VASUDEVA R, NARASIMHA HEGDE, B.M.C. REDDY AND
BHUWON STHAPIT
29 Social capital building for tropical fruit tree diversity
management 349
M.P. VASIMALAI, M. PALANISAMY AND M. KIRAN KUMAR