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Public Health in China 5 Series Editor: Liming Li Xiao-nong Zhou Editor Tropical Diseases in China Schistosomiasis Public Health in China Volume 5 Series Editor Liming Li, Department of Epidemiology, Peking University Beijing, Beijing, China Public Health in China Series, including 10 volumes, introduces the development and experience in China public health, with comprehensive, objective and accurate data support. It is a co-publishing series with People’s Medical Publishing House (PMPH). Xiao-nong Zhou Editor Tropical Diseases in China Schistosomiasis Editor Xiao-nong Zhou National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Shanghai, Shanghai, China ISSN 2520-8365 ISSN 2520-8373 (electronic) Public Health in China ISBN 978-981-19-5706-2 ISBN 978-981-19-5707-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5707-9 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. and People’s Medical Publishing House, PR of China 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publishers, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publishers, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remain neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface The 60th anniversary of the poem titled “Farewell to the God of Plague” written by Mr. Mao Zedong, the first Chairman of the People’s Republic of China, is marked in the year 2018. The major purpose of the poem was to call for the eradication of schistosomiasis in amenable endemic areas of China, after Mr. Mao read the news from People’s Daily on 30th June 2018, that schistosomiasis had been eliminated primarily in Yujiang county, Jiangxi province. The news boosted his confidence that the schistosomiasis eradication is achievable, and that the sufferings of the local people due to the disease in endemic areas will cease. Following Mr. Mao’s call, arduous efforts have been made in the last 6 decades to control and eliminate schistosomiasis in China using various control strategies, such as snail control to reduce the intensity of the disease transmission, morbidity control to reduce disease prevalence, and integrated control strategies to block the disease transmission, supported by governments at different levels. Although the first human case of schistosomiasis japonica was reported in 1905 in Changde, Hunan province, schistosomiasis has been epidemic in China for more than 2150 years as revealed through the schistosome eggs found from a corpse in Hunan province. However, the endemic areas of the disease were not clear until 1950 after careful national survey, it was found that more than 200 million people from 12 provinces in southern China, including Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shanghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang, were at risk of infection with Schistosoma japonicum based on the national survey results. In spite of complexity in the nature of the zoonotic disease as well as social and environment factors, great achievements have been made with the reduction of schistosomiasis prevalence in endemic areas. Of the 12 endemic provinces, five provinces including Shanghai, Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi, and Zhejiang had achieved the criteria of schistosomiasis elimination, Sichuan province achieved the criteria of transmission interruption, and four other provinces including Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, and Hunan achieved the criteria of transmission controlled by the end of 2017. Among 450 endemic counties in the country, schistosomiasis elimination and transmission interruption have been achieved in 229 and 139 counties, respectively. The remaining 82 counties have attained the status of transmission controlled with prevalence less than 1%. In 2014, State Council called for the elimination of schistosomiasis in China by 2030 to achieve the goal of Healthy China strategy. v vi Preface As we all know that the life cycle of Schistosoma japonicum is very complicated, and its transmission was always influenced by various social and environmental factors. Its unique and serious morbidity of schistosomiasis japonica often occurred in human once no proper treatment is provided. However, only simple tools (not sophisticated) were available for use in the national schistosomiasis control program at that time, which caused much more difficulties in the control program. Lessons were learnt and experiences garnered while executing control program from various stages, such as preparation stage, execution stage, elimination stage, and consolidation stage. Altogether, these experiences enriched the outcome of the control efforts and more multi-sector resources were integrated into the program, more innovative tools or approaches from various research projects were applied in the control program, and more people from community level participated actively in the program. By consideration of the numerous combating activities with rich lessons contrib- uted significantly to the successes of the program, it is worthwhile to distill and synthesize the lessons learnt from the national schistosomiasis control program in China, so that apply those successful working experiences and approaches into other LMICs. Therefore, this book is trying to (i) analyze the changing patterns of schistosomiasis transmission in China at different stages, (ii) review the scientific progress which technically support the control and surveillance of schistosomiasis in the field, and (iii) summarize the working mechanism and control strategies of multi-sectoral collaboration to promote the national control program leading to schistosomiasis elimination eventually. We expected that this book will provide adequate knowledge and working experience for infectious disease control and prevention as well as global health in other disease endemic countries to meet the chal- lenges in achieving the United Nation’s sustainable development goals by 2030. Shanghai, China Xiao-nong Zhou Contents 1 History of Schistosomiasis Japonica in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Ying-jun Qian, Chun-li Cao, Shi-qing Zhang, Xiao- nong Zhou, and Tie-wu Jia 2 Endemicity, Diagnosis and Treatment of Schistosomiasis in China . . . 19 Jing Xu, Zhi-qiang Qin, Zheng-yuan Zhao, Yong-hui Zhu, Jie Zhou, and Zhi-hong Luo 3 Biology and Control of Oncomelania Snail in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Yi Zhang, Dan-dan Lin, Jun Ge, Xiao-nong Zhou, and Shi-zhu Li 4 Progress on Schistosomiasis Research in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Jian-feng Zhang, Jing Xu, Li-yong Wen, Zheng-yuan Zhao, Yong-hui Zhu, Hui-lan Wang, Guang-hui Ren, Wei Guan, Ying-jun Qian, Guo-jing Yang, Le-ping Sun, Qing- biao Hong, Wei Wang, Shi-zhu Li, and Xiao-nong Zhou 5 China’s Experiences in the Combat of Schistosomiasis . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Jing Xu, Hong Zhu, Jian-bing Liu, Jiao-jiao Lin, Jin- ming Liu, You-sheng Liang, Jin-xing Zhou, Long Wan, and Xiao-nong Zhou 6 National Plan for Schistosomiasis Control and Achievements . . . . . . . 219 Bo Zhong, Lin Chen, Jing Xu, Kun Yang, Li-juan Zhang, and Shi-zhu Li vii Contributors Chun-li Cao National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China Lin Chen Sichuan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China Jun Ge, MS Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang, China Wei Guan National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China Qing-biao Hong Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China Tie-wu Jia, PhD National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China Viktoria Khroundina The Journal Infectious Diseases of Poverty, Melbourne, Australia Kassegne Kokouvi, PhD National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China You-sheng Liang, PhD Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China Dan-dan Lin Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang, China Jiao-jiao Lin Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China Shi-zhu Li National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China Jian-bing Liu Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Hubei Provincial Academy of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan, China Jin-ming Liu, MM Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China Zhi-hong Luo, MPH Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yueyang, China ix x Contributors Ying-jun Qian, MS National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China Zhi-qiang Qin, PhD National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China Guang-hui Ren Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yueyang, China Le-ping Sun Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, China, Wuxi, China Hui-lan Wang Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yueyang, China Wei Wang Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China Long Wan Jianshui Research Station, Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China Li-yong Wen Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China Jing Xu National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease control and Prevention, Shanghai, China Guo-jing Yang Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China Kun Yang Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China Pin Yang, PhD National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China Jian-feng Zhang Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China Li-juan Zhang National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China Shi-qing Zhang Anhui Provincial Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Hefei, China Yi Zhang National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China Zheng-yuan Zhao Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yueyang, China Bo Zhong Sichuan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China Jie Zhou Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yueyang, China Jin-xing Zhou Jianshui Research Station, Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China