tropical agricultural science

243 Pages·2009·13.48 MB·English

P e r t a n i ka J o u r n al of
TROPICAL
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
Vol. 32 (2) Aug. 2009
A scientific journal published by Universiti Putra Malaysia Press
Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science
About the Journal
Pertanika is an international peer-reviewed journal devoted to the publication of original papers,
and it serves as a forum for practical approaches to improving quality in issues pertaining to tropical
agriculture and its related fields. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science which began
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journal, the revamped Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science (JTAS) is now focusing
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£ related to tropical agricultural research. Areas relevant to the scope of the journal include:
S agricultural biotechnology, biochemistry, biology, ecology, fisheries, forestry, food sciences, genetics,
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Editorial Statement
Pertanika is the official journal of Universiti Putra Malaysia. The abbreviation for Pertanika Journal
of Tropical Agricultural Science is Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci.
ARCHIVE COPY
Editorial Board
(Please Do Not Remove'
Editor-in-Chief
Tan, S.G., Malaysia I
Molecular population genetics
Executive Editor
Kanwal, Nayan D.S., Malaysia
Environmental issues- landscape plant modelling applications
Editorial Board
Ab-Shukor, N.A. Othman, Rofina Y.
Tree improvement, Forestry genetics Agricultural biotechnology
& biotechnology Universiti Malaya, Malaysia
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Radu, S.
Ambak, M.A. Food safety. Risk assessment,
Fisheries Molecular biology
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Anuar, A.R. Saleh, G.B.
Soil fertility and management Plant breeding and genetics
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Bignell. David E. Salleh, B.
Soil biology and termite biology Plant pathologist/Mycologist
University of London, U.K Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Bryden, Wayne L. Saw, L.G.
Animal nutrition, Toxicology, Food safety Botany and conservation, Plant ecology
University of Queensland, Australia Forest Research Institute Malaysia
(FRIM), Kepong, Malaysia
Clyde, M.M.
Genetics (Cytogenetics) Shamshuddin, J.
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia Soil science, Soil mineralogy
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Gan, Yik-Yuen
Molecular biology, Genetics, Biotechnology Siddique, K.H.M.
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Crop and environment physiology,
Germplasm enhancement
Ibrahim, Y.B. The University of Western Australia,
Agricultural entomology Australia
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Tan, W.S.
Idris, A. B. Molecular biology. Virology, Protein
Entomology (Insect taxonomy and chemistry
biodiversity, Integrated pest management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Biological control, Biopesticides)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia Yap, C. K.
Biology, Ecotoxicology
Jamilah, B. Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Food science and technology, Food
quality /processing and preservation Zamri-Saad, M.
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia J cterinaty pathology
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
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Baas, P. Matthews, G.
Systematic botany Pest management
National Herbarium of The Netherlands, Leiden Imperial College London, U.K
University Branch, The Netherlands
Napompeth, B.
Hughes, Jane M. Entomology
Genetics Kasetsart University, Thailand
Griffith University, Australia
Rahman, A.
llyas, Syed M. Plant protection
Post harvest engineering and technology' AgResearch, Raukara Research
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Hyderabad, Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
India
Walkinshaw, M.
Kang, M.S. Biochemistry
Plant breeding & genetics University of Edinburgh, Scotland
Punjab Agricultural University, India / Louisiana State
University Agric. Center Baton Rouge, USA Woodruff, D.
Evolution and conservation of
Khan, Tanveer N. animal species, International
Plant breeding & genetics education
Department of Agriculture and Food, South Perth, University of California, San Diego,
Western Australia USA
Mather, Peter B. Wright, Denis J.
Ecology and genetics Pest management
Queensland University of Technology, Australia Imperial College London, U.K
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Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science
Vol. 32 (2) Aug. 2009
Contents
Review Article
Net Primary Productivity of Forest Trees: A Review of Current Issue 111
Hazandy Abdul-Hamid, Maurzio Mencuccini and Nor-Aini Ab-Shukor
Regular Articles
Responses of Musa AAA Berangan to 1-methylcyclopropene 125
Phebe Ding and Khairul Bariah Darduri
Juvenile Stem Volume Equations for Planted Azadirachta excelsa in the State of 133
Johore, Peninsular Malaysia
Ong Kian Huat, Lim Meng Tsai and John Keen Chubo
Biocoversion of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch by Aspergillus niger EB4 under 143
Solid-state Fermentation
Azhari Samsu Baharuddin, Nor Asma Abd Razak, Nor Aini Abdul Rahman,
Satiawihardja Budiatman, Yoshihito Shirai and Mohd Ali Hassan
Selected Articles from the 7th National Genetics Congress 2007
Overexpression of Wildtype Periostin and Transforming Growth Factor Beta I Genes 153
in Colorectal Carcinoma: A Preliminary Study
Chia Sze Wooi and Edmund Sim Ui Hang
Improved Accuracy for Diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by the Combination 161
of Recombinant EBV Proteins ZEBRA/IgA and LMP2A/IgG ELISA
S.H. Wong, E.L. Tan, C.C. Ng and C.K. Sam
Selected Articles from the 3rd Biology Colloquium 2007
New Records of Terrestrial Pteridophytes in Genting Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia 169
Salifah Hasanah Ahmad Bedawi, Rusea Go and Muskhazli Mustafa
Antibacterial Activity of Methanolic Crude Extracts from Selected Plant Against 175
Bacillus cereus
Muskhazli M., Dirnahayu M., Nor Azwady A.A., Nurhafiza Y., Nor Dalilah E. and
Che Ku Nurshaira C.K.N.
Selected Articles from the UPM Rice Research Colloquium 2008
Somatic Embryogenesis from Scutellar Embryo of Oryza sativa L. var. MR219 185
Syaiful Bahri Panjaitan, Siti Nor Akmar Abdullah, Maheran Abdul Aziz,
Sariah Meon and Othman Omar
Influence of Flooding Intensity and Duration on Rice Growth and Yield 195
Abdul Shukor Juraimi, Muhammad Saiful, A.H., Mahfuzah Begum, Anuar, A.R and
Azmi, M.
Influence of Root Exudate Carbon Compounds of Three Rice Genotypes on 209
Rhizosphere and Endophytic Diazotrophs
Naher, U.A, Radziah, O., Halimi, M.S, Shamsuddin, Z.H. and Mohd Razi, I.
Upland Rice Varieties in Malaysia: Agronomic and Soil Physico-Chemical 225
Characteristics
M.M. Hanafi, A. Hartinie, J. Shukor and T.M.M. Mahmud
Seed Germination and Proline Accumulation in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) as Affected by 247
Salt Concentrations
Momayezi, M.R., Zaharah, A.R., Hanafi, M.M. and Mohd Razi, I.
Upland Rice Root Characteristics and Their Relationship to Nitrogen Uptake 261
Zaharah, A.R. and Hanafi, M.M.
Deterministic Model Approaches in Identifying and Quantifying Technological 267
Challenges in Rice Production and Research and in Predicting Population, Rice
Production and Consumption in Malaysia
Ahmad Selamat and Mohd. Razi Ismail
Pollen and Seed Yield Components of Water-stressed Cultivated and Weedy Rice 293
Puteh, A.B, Jali, N., Ismail, M.R., Juraimi, A.S. and Samsudin, N.
Critical Period of Weed Competition in Direct Seeded Rice Under Saturated and 305
Flooded Conditions
Abdul Shukor Juraimi, M.Y. Mohamad Najib, M. Begum, A.R. Anuar,
M. Azmi and A. Puteh
Critical Time of Nitrogen Application During Panicle Initiation on the Yield of Two 317
Malaysian Rice Cultivars (Oryza sativa L.)
Bah, A., S.R. Syed Omar, A.R. Anuar and M.H.A.Husni
Growth, Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Malaysia Rice Cultivars to 323
Water Stress
Wan Mohammad Zulkarnain, Mohd Razi Ismail, M. Ashrafuzzaman,
Halimi Mohd Saud and Ismail C. Haroun
Biochemical Diversity of Bacterial Isolates from Paddy Soils of Peninsular Malaysia 335
Maszlin Mohd. Yusof, Halimi Mohd. Saud and Tan My Pein
ISSN: 1511-3701
Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 32 (2): 111 - 123 (2009) © Universiti Putra Malaysia Press
Review Article
Net Primary Productivity of Forest Trees: A Review of Current Issue
Hazandy Abdul-Hamid1,2*, Maurizio Mencuccini3 and Nor-Aini Ab-Shukor1,2
1Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
2Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
3School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JU, UK
*E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Forest growth is important both economically and ecologically and it follows a predictable general trend
with age. Generally, the growth of all forests accelerates as canopies develop in young forests and declines
substantially soon after the maximum leaf area is attained. The causes of this decline trend are multiple.
Initially, age- and size-related declines were attributed to photosynthesis-respiration imbalance. Subsequently,
several competing hypotheses have been proposed over the years, although nutrient and hydraulic limitation
hypotheses appear to be the most likely to have caused it. In this paper, the authors attempt to review these
hypotheses and concentrate on one related aspect, as this can set the scene for further examining the issues of
age-related versus size-related processes.
Keywords: Forest growth, canopies, photosynthesis – respiration imbalance
GENERAL BACKGROUND fluxes in forest ecosystems and their influence
on the global CO cycles.
The rate of production of the biomass by both 2
Despite many studies attempting to explain
individual trees and forest stands decreases
the age-related decline of forest productivity
substantially with age (Assmann, 1970). In
through a number of theories, the age-related
particular, age-related reduction in biomass
regulation still remains unclear. There is
accumulation is an important consideration in
little direct evidence which explains that old
the mechanistic models which predict the forest
forests assimilate less carbon than the young
growth and determine the capacity of the forests
forests. This makes model-based predictions
to act as carbon sinks. With the current impetus
of the carbon sequestration suspect, as most
towards silvicultural approaches that employ
physiological process models predict carbon
uneven-aged systems and extended rotations,
assimilation were based on the measurements
understanding the physiological basis for the
of photosynthesis on young trees (Ryan et al.,
age-related decline in productivity of dominant
1997a). For example, Bond (2000) provided a
species has become increasingly important.
list of studies exhibiting two contrasting results
Understanding this component of productivity is
in the changes in the net photosynthesis with age
crucial to quantifying and manipulating carbon
of trees and shrubs (Table 1).
Received: 4 March 2008
Accepted: 5 May 2009
*Corresponding Author
Hazandy Abdul-Hamid, Maurizio Mencuccini and Nor-Aini Ab-Shukor
TABLE 1
Studies reporting a comparison of the net photosynthesis in differently aged trees and shrubs
Decreased net photosynthesis (A ) with increased ages of trees and shrubs
net
Species Comparison Reference
Chrysothamnus nauseosus Maximum A in summer. Juvenile versus Donovan and Ehleringer
net
mature. (1992)*
Juniperus occidentalis Juvenile versus young mature. Miller et al. (1995)*
Larrea tridentate Daily maximum A , three summer months. Franco et al. (1994)*
net
Juvenile versus mature.
Picea abies Light-saturated A , open-grown trees. Kull and Koppel (1987)*
net
Juvenile versus mature.
Picea rubens Seasonal A . Mature versus relatively old- Day et al. (2001)
net
growth.
Pinus aristata Light-saturated A , optimal conditions. Schoettle (1994)*
net
Mature versus old-growth.
Pinus contorta Light-saturated A . Mature versus old- Yoder et al. (1994)*
net
growth.
Pinus ponderosa Light-saturated A . Mature versus old- Yoder et al. (1994)*
net
growth.
Pinus ponderosa Mean morning A . Juvenile versus mature Kolb and Stone (2000)*
net
and old-growth.
Prosopis glandulosa Daily maximum A , after rainfall. Juvenile DeSoyza et al. (1996)*
net
versus mature.
Prunus serotina Growing season average A . Seedling versus Fredericksen et al. (1996)*
net
sapling versus mature.
Sequoiadendron giganteum Maximum A . Seedlings versus juvenile, Grulke and Miller (1994)*
net
mature and old-growth.
No difference or increased net photosynthesis with increased ages of trees and shrubs
Species Comparison Reference
Acer negundo Maximum A , during peak of drought period. Donovan and Ehleringer
net
Juvenile versus mature. (1992)*
Artemesia tridentata Maximum A in mid-summer at a dry site. Donovan and Ehleringer
net,
Juvenile versus mature. (1992)*
Chrysothamnus nauseosus Maximum A , in mid-summer at a dry site. Donovan and Ehleringer
net
Juvenile versus adult. (1992)*
Prosopis glandulosa Daily maximum A . Summer drought. Small DeSoyza et al. (1996)*
net
(0.5 m) versus large (1.1 m).
Pseudotsuga menziesii No clear trend of light-saturated A . Mature McDowell et al. (2002)
net
versus old growth.
Quercus rubra Light-saturated A , during growing season. Hanson et al. (1994)*
net
Seedling versus mature.
Note: * = cited from Bond (2000).
112 Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. Vol. 32 (2) 2009
Net Primary Productivity of Forest Trees: A Review of Current Issue
The causes of this age-related decline are from juvenile and mature trees, ranging from 1
likely multiple, but the most important potential to 74 years of age.
causes which can explain a decline in forest Mencuccini et al. (2005) also used propagated
productivity with stand development are nutrient material to separate the relative effects of size
limitation, hydraulic limitation and maturation and age on tree growth and metabolism. These
(genetic programming) hypotheses. According authors selected four different tree species.
to some authors, the so called “age-related” Three of them (one conifer, Scots pine and
decline in the forest productivity is primarily two angiosperms with diffuse-porous wood,
a “size-related” decline (Weiner and Thomas, sycamore and ring-porous wood, ash) were
2001). Ideally, a test should be conducted on propagated by grafting, whereas the fourth
the trees of similar size, but different ages or (poplar) was propagated by direct rooting.
vice versa; thereby separating the confounded Poplar was also chosen because of its clonal
factors of size and age. An alternative to obtain nature, which allowed a different approach in the
trees with similar size but with different ages is separation of age versus size (cf., Mencuccini,
to graft scions of the different ages onto young 2007 for further details). The approach adopted
rootstocks. in Mencuccini et al. (2005) avoided some of the
Studies using grafting have been conducted potential artefacts presented in the earlier works
by a few researchers (summarised in Table 2) (Table 2). For instance, the individuals measured
in relation to the effect of age on the growth, in the field were almost always the exact same
morphology and physiology of grafted scions. donors from where the grafted twigs were taken,
However, these studies still yielded contrasting thereby avoiding genetic differences between
outcomes with the age of scion. Despite the the donor trees and the grafted plants. For the
presence of these grafting studies, there are some conifer in the study by Mencuccini et al. (2005)
weaknesses which have never been tackled by (Scots pine), the measurements took place five
the previous researchers. For instance, no study to seven years after the initial grafting, to ensure
has so far simultaneously compared individuals that enough time had elapsed since grafting had
in the field and genetically identical grafted taken place. More importantly perhaps, the
seedlings. Day et al. (2001) conducted a similar grafting technique did not leave any room for
study, but the individuals selected in the field competition between shoots of the grafted plant
were not genetically identical with the grafted and the shoots of the rootstock, as the canopy of
seedlings (although they came from the same the accepting rootstock was completely pruned
population). Moreover, most of the published away after grafting.
evidences on grafting have been obtained from Therefore, additional comparative studies
very young trees. In relation to the studies are required to determine whether the different
presented in Table 2, for instance, Hutchison et conclusions reached by some of the earlier
al. (1990) used individuals taken from four age studies were the results of different species-
classes, ranging from 1 to 45 years; whereas, specific developmental events or whether they
Rebbeck et al. (1993) used only juvenile and are determined by the different experimental
mature (>50 years old) scions. In addition, protocols.
Greenwood (1984) studied shoot development
as a function of age on Picea taeda, but the
AGE- AND SIZE-RELATED
comparisons were only made among scions up
REGULATION OF THE NET PRIMARY
to 12 years of age. Furthermore, Greenwood
PRODUCTION
et al. (1989) also used grafting approach to
study the effect of age on the morphological Observations have showed that aboveground net
characteristics and DNA methylation of Larix primary productivity negatively correlates with
laricina, but the scions involved were taken the age of tree for both individual trees and single
Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. Vol. 32 (2) 2009 113
Hazandy Abdul-Hamid, Maurizio Mencuccini and Nor-Aini Ab-Shukor
TABLE 2
Summary of the results showing contrasting trends involving in grafted scions
Species Results Reference
Hedera helix Increased light-saturated A with increased ages Bauer and Bauer (1980)
net
of scions. Juvenile versus mature scions grafted
to juvenile rootstock.
Larix laricina Height and diameter growth decreased with Greenwood et al. (1989)
increased ages of scions. Juvenile versus mature
scions grafted to juvenile rootstock.
Larix laricina Total chlorophyll increased with increased ages Greenwood et al. (1989)
of scions. Juvenile versus mature scions grafted
to juvenile rootstock.
Larix laricina Increased light-saturated A with increased ages Hutchison et al. (1990)
net
(indoor-grown trees) of scions. Juvenile versus mature scions grafted
to juvenile rootstock.
Larix laricina No trend observed in light-saturated A with Hutchison et al. (1990)
net
(outdoor-grown trees) increased ages of scions juvenile versus mature
scions grafted to juvenile rootstock.
Larix laricina Increased xylem diameters with increased ages Takemoto and Greenwood
of scions. Juvenile versus mature scions grafted (1993)
to juvenile rootstock.
Picea rubens Decreased A with increased ages of scions. Rebbeck et al. (1993)
net
Juvenile versus mature scions grafted to juvenile
rootstock.
Picea rubens Decreased light-saturated A with increased age Day et al. (2001)
net
of scions. Mature versus old scions.
Picea taeda Diameter and height growth, leaf area, branch Greenwood (1984)
numbers and scion biomass decreased with
increased scion ages. Juvenile versus young
scions grafted to juvenile rootstock.
Pinus radiata Diameter and height growth and branch numbers Sweet (1973)
decreased with increased scion ages. Juvenile
versus mature scions.
Pseudotsuga menziesii Diameter and height growth, branch numbers Ritchie and Keeley (1994)
and branch length decreased with increased
scion ages. Juvenile versus young scions
grafted to juvenile rootstock.
cohort stands (Assmann, 1970; Whittaker, 1975; and ponderosa pine may be a significant cause
Bormann and Likens, 1979; Harcombe et al., of net production decreases in old trees. This
1990). Long-term studies on even-aged forests is supported by several studies conducted on
showed that the maximum bole increment rate age-related differences in photosynthetic rates in
occurs shortly after crown closure and declines Scots pine (Kull and Koppel, 1987), bristlecone
as trees reach maturity (Assmann, 1970). pines (Schoettle, 1994) and hybrid Englemann
Yoder et al. (1994) suggested that age-related x white x Sitka spruce (Richardson et al., 2000).
declines in photosynthetic rates for lodgepole However, photosynthetic rates in the eastern
114 Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. Vol. 32 (2) 2009