Trochosa sepulchralis, a senior synonym of Trochosa acompa, and the restoration of Trochosa abdita (Araneae, Lycosidae)

2008·8.4 MB·English

by  Jamin M Dreyer

2008. The Journal ofArachnology 36:65-75
Tvochosa sepulchraiis, a senior synonym of Trochosa acompa, and the restoration of Trochosa ahdita
(Araneae, Lycosidae)
Jamin M. Dreyer and Allen R. Brady': Department of Biology, A. Paul Schaap Science Center, Hope College, Holland,
Michigan 49423, USA
Abstract. Trochosasepiilchralis(Montgomery 1902)isrecognizedastheseniorsynonym ofTrochosaaconipa(Chamberlin
1924) based upon careful examination of critical morphological characteristics. In addition, Trochosa ahdita (Gertsch
1934), onceconsidered ajunior synonym ofT. acompa, is now recognized as a valid species. Trochosasepulchralaisand T.
ahdita are fully illustrated and described, and essential information regarding species identification, morphological
dimensions, and geographic distribution is included.
Keywords: Wolfspiders, Florida spiders, Texas spiders, synonomy
Spiders of the lycosid genus Trochosa are small to medium 1979), but their placement in this group is now considered
sized wolfspiders (5.8-13.0 mm) that are largely Holarctic in valid.
distribution. They are often found at the edge ofwoods and in A thorough examination of the holotypes and many
woodland habitats. In this paper, weclarify the relationship of additional specimens ofboth species collected during the past
two Nearctic species in this genus: Trochosa sepiilchralis 50 years have allowed us to clarify the distribution of and
(Montgomery 1902) and T. abdita (Gertsch 1934). Previously relationship between T. ahdita and T. sepiilchralis. Differences
T. sepiilchralis and T. acompa (Chamberlin 1924) were in size, geographic distribution, and the morphology of
recognized as separate species (Platnick 2007), but are in fact somatic and reproductive structures in these two species
one with T. sepiilchralis as the senior synonym. Roewer (1955) became readily apparent, and the existence of two distinct
placed T. sepiilchralis in Geolycosa, despite the fact that it species is now recognized.
lacks characteristic features of this genus, such as a very high Trochosa abdita occurs in peninsular Florida and north
cephalothorax, darkened forelegs, and obligate burrowing along the eastern seaboard to North Carolina, while T.
behavior. Trochosa ahdita wasconsidered ajunior synonym of sepiilchralis is found from the Florida panhandle east
T. acompa by Wallace (1947), but it is a distinct species. Both throughout Texas. Specimens from Pennsylvania and New
species have genitalic and morphological characters consistent York extend the range ofthe latter species into New England
with those of Trochosa. (Fig. 21).
Lycosa sepiilchralis was first described by Montgomery Little is known of the natural history of these two species
(1902) from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and has received other than that inferred through collection methods and
little attention since that time. When Lycosa acompa was locations, and the scant information found with the original
described by Chamberlin (1924) from a single female descriptions. Wallace (1947) reported T. ahdita collected from
individual collected from New Orleans, he apparently was “leaf mould of mesophytic hammocks in northcentral
unaware of the great similarities between these two popula- Florida.” He also noted that T. ahdita “is usually found close
tions. As a result, they have been recognized as two separate to its retreat which is most often a shallow burrow in the
species up to this point. This research began as an ground beneath the leaf mould.” Whether or not T.
investigation into the relationship between T. ahdita and T. sepiilchralis shares these specific behavioral characteristics
acompa. We discovered drawings by Brady during the 1970’s needs to be ascertained. It is hoped that this paper will
oftheL. sepulchralis holotype that bore a striking similarity to stimulate further investigations of these interesting woodland
T. acompa. The holotypes were then compared and it was wolf spiders.
concluded that they represent the same species, and hence the METHODS
new synonymy.
Gertsch (1934) described L. abdita based upon a single Specimens from the collections ofthe American Museum of
female specimen. For reasons that were not made clear, Natural History, New York (AMNH); the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (MCZ);
Wallace (1947) synonomized it with L. acompa. The two
species were grouped together and locality records for these the Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville
two species from Florida, Texas, and Georgia were consoli- (FSCA); and Hope College, Holland, Michigan (HCC) were
dated. Barnes (1953) did not recognize Wallace’s synonymy utilized in this study. For localities indicated by county only,
when he included T. ahdita in a list of spiders from North we used the geographic coordinates of the county seat.
aCacroomlpian,a, bnootrh diordigRinoaelwlyerde(s1c95r5i)b.edTrionchoLsycaosaab,ditwaeraendnoTt. D7e0s-c7r5ip%tieotnhsylaarlecohboals.edIntoenrnamlulfteimpalleesgpeenictiamleinasweprreesperrevpeadreidn
included in Brady’s revision of the genus Trochosa (Brady by submersion in clove oil at room temperature overnight, and
were drawn in the same medium. Expanded male genitalia
were prepared in submersion in 10% potassium hydroxide at
'Corresponding author. E-mail: brady(§hope.edu room temperature overnight, followed by a brief submersion
65
)
THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY
66
(Ant. CT), posterior cheliceral teeth (Post. CT), patella-tibia
(PT), metatarsus (Meta). Measurements: carapace width
:
(CW), carapace width at posterior lateral eyes (CWPL),
carapace length (CL), length overall (LOA).
Male palpal structures: basal haematodocha (BH), conduc- :
tor (CON), cymbium (CYM), distal haematodocha (DH),
i
embolus (EMB), lunar plate ofthe subtegulum (LPS), median
apophysis (MA), palea region (PR), tegulum (TEG), terminal
.
apophysis (TA). Female epigynum structures: fertilization
ducts (FD), middle field (MF), transverse piece (TP),
spermathecae (SP), vulval chambers (VC).
TAXONOMY
Family Lycosidae Sundevall 1833
Genus Trochosa C.L. Koch 1847
Trochosa C.E. Koch 1848:95; C.L. Koch 1851:33; Keyserling
1877:610; Scudder 1882:328; Marx 1890:564; McCook
1894:90, 100, 107, 112, 118; Montgomery 1904:300; Banks
1905:319; Petrunkevitch 1928:250.
Trochosa (Trochosina Simon 1885:10.
Trochosa (Varacosa) Chamberlin and Ivie 1942:36; Roewer
1955:304.
—
Figure 1. Diagnosticmeasurements oftheepigynum in Trochosa. Allohogna Roewer 1955:212 (in part).
Trochosina Simon: Roewer 1955:302.
ainlco1h%ol.hyAdllroocthhleorridcraawciindgsbewfeorree mbeaidneg idnr7a5wn% einthy1l5a%lcoehtohly.l TVraroacchoossaoCmhmaambR—eorelwienr&19I5v5i:e3:04R.oewer 1955:304.
Drawings ofmale and female external genitalia omit setae for Type species. Trochosa: Arenea ruricola DeGeer 1778, by
j
simplification. original designation. !
Measurements were made following the protocol as Trochosa (Trochosina): Trochosa terricola Thorell 1856, by
;
described by Brady (1979). In each case, an optical grid was original designation.
used to takeeach measurement at the optimum magnification, Trochosa (Varacosa): Trochosa avara Keyserling 1877, by
j
this being defined as the greatest magnification that allowed original designation.
the entire structure to be seen within the field of view. A Trochosomma: Trochosa anmilipes L. Koch 1875, by
|
conversion factor for the optical grid under each magnifica- original designation.
!
tion allowed the measurements to be converted into millime- Trochosa sepnlchralis (Montgomery 1902)
ters. All reported figures are in millimeters and are shown to 1
no more than two significant figures, the greatest number Figs. 2, 3, 6-15
possible based upon the use ofthe grid. The measurements are Lycosa sepnlchralis Montgomery 1902:534, plate 29, fig. 7; s^
also reported here in tables as a mean ± standard deviation Montgomery 1903:645, plate 29, fig. 1; Gertsch 1934:3. 1
and maximum to minimum values indicating the variability Trochosa sepnlchralis (Montgomery): Montgomery 1904:307. ,
among species. The specimens measured were chosen on the Lycosa moclesta Chamberlin 1908:568 (misidentification).
basis of the proximity of their locality to that of the type Lycosa acoinpa Chamberlin 1924:29; Gertsch & Wallace i
specimen. The measurement of the Posterior Ocular Quad- 1935:1, fig. 31; Wallace 1947:36. New synonomy. ,
rangle (POQ) follows that of Brady (1962), while that of the Varacosa acompa (Chamberlin): Roewer 1955:306; Breene et
dimensions of the epigynum and its associated structures al. 1993:98, figs. 139A, B.
follows a modified version to the one described by Locket & Geolycosa sepnlchralis—(Montgomery): Roewer 1955:245. j|
Millidge (1951). The dimensions of the epigynum as defined Material examined. Lycosa sepnlchralis: Flolotype female,
i
here are outlined below in Fig. 1, while the structures of the USA: Pennsylvania-. Philadelphia County, Philadelphia, I
female epigynum and male palp are identified in Figs. 11-15. 39°57'N, 075°09'W, 1904, Montgomery (AMNH).
(
The palpal macrosetae are those on the most distal tip of the Lvcosa acompa: Flolotype female, USA: Louisiana-. Orleans
\
palp, and specifically identify those that are more pronounced Parish: New Orleans, 29°57'N, 090°04'W, March 1924, H.E.
than the fine hairs which cover this structure. Hubert (MCZ). |
|
Abbreviations. Body: anterior eye row (AER), anterior Other material examined: Localities from which specimens f
median eyes (AME), posterior eye row (PER), posterior were measured indicated by *. USA: Alabama: 1 S, Macon
median eyes (PME), posterior median eye width (PMEW), County: 32°24'N, 085°49'W, 11 April 1954, H.K. Wallace 1|
posterior lateral eyes (PEE), posterior lateral eye width (AMNH). Arkansas: 1 cJ, 1 ?, Hempstead County: Hope, !
(PLEW), Posterior Ocular Quadrangle (POQ), carapace width 33°40'N, 095°33'W, 1-19 June 1931, L. Knoble (AMNH)*; 2
at the posterior lateral eyes (CWPLE), anteriorcheliceral teeth ?, Lawrence County: Imboden, 36°12'N, 091°10'W, B.C.
DREYER & BRADY— SEPULCHRALIS AND T. ABDITA 67
—
Figures 2-5. Dorsal patterns of male and female Trochosa sepulchralis (Montgomery) and Trochosa ahclita (Gertsch): 2. T. sepiilcliralis
female from Pontotoc, Mississippi, 1962; 3. T. sepulchralismale from Livingston, Texas, 9 May 1952; 4. T. ahclita female from Newnan’s Lake,
Gainesville, Florida, 13 June 1935; 5. T. ahclita male from Sugarfoot Hammock, Gainesville, Florida, 19 March 1938.
Marshall (AMNH)*; 4 S, Logan County: Mt. Magazine 088°59'W, 1962 , P. Dorris (AMNH)*; 1 9, Scott County:
Mossback Ridge, south slope, 35°10'N, 93°38'W, 16 June 5 km W. of Forest, 32°21'N, 089°28'W, 11 April 1963, W.J.
1990 (AMNH); 1 ?, same location, 20 June 1990 (AMNH); 2 Gertsch & W. Ivie (AMNH); 3 T, Washington County: Leland
<S, same location, 23 June 1990 (AMNH). Florida-. 2 9, 101 Lysbeth St., 33°24'N, 090°53'W, 23-25 May 1983, T.C.
Escambia County: Escambia, 30°40'N, 087°20'W, 6 July Lockley, pitfall trap in mixed grasses (HCC); 3 T, 1 9, same
1934, H.K. Wallace (AMNH); 1 T, 1 $, Liberty County: location, 31 May-3 June 1983, T.C. Lockley, pitfall trap in
30°25'N, 084°58'W, 10 March 1935, H.K. Wallace (AMNH); mixed grasses (HCC); 1 <3, 3juveniles, same location, 5-8 June
4T,49, samelocation, 10April 1935, H.K. Wallace (AMNH); 1983, T.C. Lockley (HCC). Missouri: 1 S, Phelps County:
7 cJ, 5 9, Liberty County: Torreya Ravine, 30°34'N084°56'W, Rolla, 37°57'N, 091°46'W, H. Frizzell (AMNH)*. New York:
16 April 1938, W.J. Gertsch & W. Ivie (AMNH); 2 c?, 3 9, 1 T, Queens County: Flushing, 40°45'N, 073°49'W, 1938, K.
1 juvenile. Liberty County: Torreya State Park, Cooker (AMNH); 1 cJ, Suffolk County: Long Pond,
30°34'N084°56'W, 13 May 1996, A.R. Brady (HCC). Louisi- 40°56'N072°19'W, 29 June 1929, H.K. Wallace (AMNH).
ana: Grant Parish: Kisatchie, Port Grant, 31°27'N, 092°26'W, North Carolina: 1 S, Mecklenberg County: Davidson,
June 1941, Jones & Archer (AMNH); 1 9, Lincoln Parish: 35°29'N, 080°50'W, 16 May 1954, E.E. Brown (AMNH).
Ruston, 32°31'N, 092°38'W, 10 July 1950, M.A. Cazier Oklahoma: 3 S, Comanche County: Wichita Mts. Wildlife
(AMNH); 1 9, Orleans Parish: 29°57'N, 090°04'W, July Refuge, 34°43'N, 098°42'W, 18 April 1978, F. Bryce, pitfall
1954 (AMNH); 1 9, St. Landry Parish: Eunice, 30°29'N, (HCC); 3 T, same location, 5 May 1978, F. Bryce (HCC); 2 T,
092°25'W, 31 August 1943, S. & D. Mulaik (AMNH). same location, 20 May 1978, F. Bryce (HCC); 2 Z, same
Mississippi: 1 9, Hinds County: Clinton, 32°20'N, 090°19'W, location, 15 April 1978, E.F. Bruce & T.C. Cokendolpher
Spring 1926, Bailey (AMNH); 1 9, Jackson County: Ocean (HCC). Pennsylvania: 3 9, Philadelphia County: Woodlawn
Springs, 30°24'N, 088°49'W, 19 June 1967, A. Moreton Cemetery, Philadelphia, 39°57'N, 075°09'W, 1 May 1910,
(AMNH); 2 9, Pontotoc County: Pontotoc, 34°14'N, T.H. Montgomery Jr. (AMNH). Tennessee: I 9, Wilson
THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY
68
i'?
1
10
!
Figures 6-10. Female and male genitalic structures of Trochosa sepulchralix (Montgomery): 6. Epigynum of T. sepulchralis holotype from 0
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 7. Internal genitalia ofsame; 8. Epigynum of T. acompa (= sepulcharlis) holotype from New Orleans, Louisiana; 9. d
Male palp, ventral view, of T. sepulchralis “type” from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 10. Retrolateral view ofsame. j.
DREYER & BRADY^TROCHOSA SEPULCHRALIS AND T. ABDITA 69
—
Figures 11-15. Female and male genitalic structures of Trochosa sepulchralis: 11. Epigynum of T. sepiilchnilis from Pontotoc, Mississippi.
1962; 12. Internalgenitaliaofsame; 13. Expanded palpofmale T. sepulchralisfrom Livingston,Texas, 9 May 1952; 14. Ventralviewofsame; 15.
Retrolateral view ofsame.
County: Cedars ofLebanon, 36°05'N, 086°22'W, A.R. Brady April 1942, O. Sanders (AMNH); 1 ?, Brown County,
(HCC). Texas: 1 $, Archer County, 33°35'N, 098°37'W, 20 31°42'N, 098°59'W, April 1983, K. Flatt (HCC); 1 9, Cameron
March 1973, Zaltsberg (HCC); 1 ?, Austin County: Bellville, County: Harlingen, 26°11'N, 097°4rw, 17 November 1934,
29°57'N, 096°15'W, 18 April 1941, O. Sanders (AMNH); 1 ?, S. Mulaik (AMNH); 2 ?, 4 juvenile, same location, 18
Austin County: State Park near Sealy, 29°48'N, 096°06'W, 19 November 1934, S. Mulaik (AMNH); 1 c?, same location.
•11,
70 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY
1
March 1936, L. Davis (AMNH); 1 ?, Clay County, 33°49'N, (HCC); 1 9, same location, 25 October 1974, R. Wallenshis
098°1 rW, 18 August 1972, Zaltberg (HCC); 4 2 ?, Grayson (HCC); 1 9, same location, 14 February 1975, R. Roberts
County: Sherman, 33°38'N, 096°36'W, October 1964 K. W. (HCC); 1 9, samelocation, 3April 1975, R. Roberts(HCC); 1 d,
Haller (AMNH)*; 1 $, same location,15 September 1963, 1 9, same location, 20 April 1975, R. Galloway (HCC); 1 9, '
K.W. Haller (AMNH)*; 4 J, 4 9, same location. May same location, 20 April 1975, M. Triddy (HCC); 19, same
1965 K.W. Haller (AMNH)*; 7 cJ, 8 9, 6 juveniles, same location, 20 April 1975, K. Zinn porch (HCC); 1 9, same (
location. May 1965, K.W. Haller (AMNH)*; 1 9, same location,28 April 1977, F.D. (HCC); 1 d, samelocation, 2April
location. May 1966, K.W. Haller (AMNH); 1 9, Harrison 1978, N.D. Hodson (HCC); 1 9, same location, 17 April 1981, |
County: Caddo Lake State Park, 32°41'N, 094°10'W, 31 May Schultz (HCC); 1 9, same location, 27 April 1983, L. Presley i
1940, S. & D. Mulaik (AMNH); 2 d, 1 juvenile, Hidalgo (HCC); 1 9, same location, 1 May 1983, B. Wilkins (HCC); 1 d,
County; Edinburg, 26°18'N, 098°09'W, February 1934, S. same location,—4 May 1983, B. Wilkins (HCC).
Mulaik (AMNH); 2 9, same location, 27 October 1934, S. Etymology. The specific name was derived from the word
Mulaik (AMNH); 1 9, same location, 10-20 June 1935, S. sepulcher, a burial vault, and is likely a reflection upon the
Mulaik; (AMNH); 1 9, same location, 15 October 1935, location from which it was first described: Philadelphia’s
Schulle (AMNH); 1 S, same location, March 1936, S. Mulaik Woodlands Cemetery, where many of Montgomery’s speci-
(AMNH); 1 same location, 25 March 1936, C. Rutherford mens of this—species were collected.
(AMNH); 2 J, same location, 3 May 1937, S. Mulaik Diagnosis. Males of Trochosa sepulchralis are distin-
(MuAlMaNiHk)(;AM1N1H)d,; 31 9,9,sasmaemeloclaotciaotni,on3,1 ASuegputsetmb1e9r46,1S9.34&, DS.. pgruoijsehcetdionfroonm tohethetrermNienaarlctaipcophTyrsoicsh,ostaheblyackthoef saecspoinrdaalreyd \
I
Mulaik (AMNH); 1 9, Hidalgo County: San Juan, 26°11'N, embolus, and lack of fang excrescence. The female of T. i
098°09'W, 22 February 1935, S. Mulaik (AMNH); 1 9, Jasper sepulchralis can be separated by the lack ofdash marks in the :
County: Jasper, 30°55'N, ()93°59'W, 6 June 1936, S. Mulaik median stripe (Figs. 2, 3), b:a genitalic ratio of4.1-7.2, and d:z
)
(AMNH); 1 9, Kerr County: Raven Ranch, 30°02'N, ratio from 0.52-0.61 (Table 2). Both sexes are also large (6.2-
099°08'W, June 1941, S. & D. Mulaik (AMNH); 1 9, Kimble 13 mm), have a dark venter, and in alcohol bear inconspic- |
County, 30°29'N, 099°46'W, 15 April 1972, N.V. Horner uous annulatio—ns on the legs.
|
(HCC); 1 9, Polk County: Livingston, 30°42'N, 094°54'W, 21 Description. Male: Chelicerae: dark brown; often with
August 1940, S. & D. Mulaik (AMNH); 8 d, 8 9, same three teeth on the anterior and posterior margins; some
location, 9 May 1952, M. Cazier, W.J. Gertsch, R. Schrammel specimens have four teeth on posterior margin; central
(AMNH)*; 1 9, McLennan County: Camp Tonkawa Craw- anterior tooth is largest; all posterior teeth of equal length. !
ford, 31°32'N, 97°26'W, 18 April 1943, O. Sanders (AMNH); Carapace (Fig. 3): golden brown background, dark markings;
1 9, Panola County; Carthage, 32°09'N, 094°20'W, 9 May median light stripe extending from within POQ to rear of
1952, M. Cazier, W.J. Gertsch, R. Schrammel (AMNH); 1 9, carapace; stripe not highly contrasted to the background
San Jacinto County: Oakhurst, 30°44'N, 095°18'W, 10 May color; widest immediately posterior to the PLE, thinning
i
1952, M. Cazier, W.J. Gertsch, R. Schrammel (AMNH); 18 d, behind fovea; symmetric series of five thin bands or rays
San Patricio County: 13 km. N.E. of Sinton, 28°02'N, extending on each side from median stripe to submarginal
097°30'W, 22 March 1960, H.E. Laughlin (AMNH); 4 d, area. Eyes ofPER encircled with black. Dorsum ofabdomen:
same location, 28 April 1960, H.E. Laughlin (AMNH); 1 d, 4 light over heart region, otherwise mottled brown, uniformly ,
9, same location, 12 May 1960, H.E. Laughlin (AMNH); 1 9, dark, or rarely provided with a dark heart mark and indistinct
samelocation,26 May 1960, H.E. Laughlin(AMNH); 1 9,same chevrons. Legs: indistinctly annulate; longest to shortest IV: I: j
location, 4 August 1960, H.E. Laughlin (AMNH); 2 9, 1 II: HI. Endites and labium: dark as sternum; light anterior |i.
juvenile, same location, 4 August 1960, H.E. Laughlin margins. Sternum: dusky. Venter: solidly dark brown or black.
,
(SuAmMmNeHr);19413,9,MT.aMyl.orWilCloiusn(tyA:MNAHbi)l;ene2,9,3s2°a2m6e'Nl,oca0t9i9o°n,43J'uWl,y oUrniegxinpawnitdheidn ppraollaptuesra(lFimgasr.gi9,n o1f0,pal14e,a;15e)m:bocluursvemdayemobrolmuasy, ! ;
1962, K.W. Haller (AMNH); 1 9, Terrell County: Dryden, not curve below the upper portion of tegulum and median
30°02'N, 102°06'W, 27 March 1946, C.D. Michener (AMNH); apophysis; tip of embolus ends within broad conductor;
D1e9c,eTmboemrG1r93e9e,nD.Co&unSt.y;MuWlaaitker(AVaMlNleHy),;311°d4,0T'rNa,vi1s0C0o°u4n3t'yW:, tseercmoinndaalryapproopjheycstiiosn,abcoctohmpsatnruicetdurebsyprvoetrryudisnmgalflroomrlotwienry |j-
j
Austin, 30°16'N, 097°44'W, December 1944, H. Exline portion ofpalea; margin wheremedian apophysis and tegulum
(AMNH); 1 d, same location, 29 April 1946, H.E.& D.L. join often faintly serrated; lunar plate of the subtegulum at
Frizzell (AMNH); 2 9, same location, 4 May 1947, H. Exline base of tegulum. Expanded palpus (Fig. 13): very prominent
(AMNH); 1 9, Travis County: Upper Bull Creek, 30°I6'N, palea region projecting beyond the cymbium; lunar plate of |<
097°44'W, 17 March 1946, D.E.& H.E. Frizzell (AMNH); 1 9, the subtegulum conspicuous, overlaps portion of basal
Val VerdeCounty; 3 kmW. ofLangtry,29°48'N, 101°33'W, 22 haematodocha: linear portions of embolus and terminal !
October 1972, Parrish (HCC); 1 9,^Wichita County, 33°54'N, apophysis near their tips are not perpendicular to the median \
098°29'W, 6 April 1967, Mark Wilson (HCC); 19, same apophysis, but rather angled. )
location, 18April 1967, M.V. Eustice(HCC); 19, samelocation, Female: Very similar to male. Chelicerae: dark brown; three
1
5FeNborvuaermybe1r9731,96L7.,PMi.eVrc.eE(uHsCtCic)e;(1H9C,C)s;a1med,loscaatmieonl,oc1a0tiMoan,rc1h0 wteiedteh moendiaantnerliiogrhtasntdrippeosetxetreinordinmgargfirnosm. mCiadrdalpeacoef (PFOigQ. 2t)o: [i
1973, Busboom (HCC); 1 9, same location, 12 March 1973, posterior margin ofthe carapace, stripe varies in intensity, not (
Busboom (HCC); 2 9, same location, 14 April 1973, R. Snider always distinct; dark radiating lines extend distally from edges I
453831 403357331 557 5581
DREYER & ^R^DY—TROCHOSA SEPULCHKALIS T. ABDITA 71
—
Table I. Measurements (mm) of Trochosa sepiilclircilis (Montgomery) and T. ahdita (Gertscli).
TrochosasepulchralisSn = 10 Trochosa ahdita <S n = 10 Trochosasepidchralis?« = 10 Trochosaahdita$/; = 9
Dimension Mean ± SD Max.-Min. Mean ± SD Max.-Min. Mean ± SD Max.-Min Mean ± SD Max.-Min.
Clypeus Height 0.14 -+ 0.03 0.18-0.08 0.10 4- 0.03 0.15-0.07 0.18 4- 0.02 0.22-0.17 0.15 4- 0.03 0.22-0.12
AER Width 0.78 -+ 0.08 0.85-0.67 0.61 4- 0.05 0.68-0.52 0.86 4- 0.07 0.96-0.73 0.62 4- 0.19 0.76-0.13
PMEW 0.94 -H 0.09 1.0-0.8 0.73 4- 0.05 0.83-0.68 1.0 4- 0.1 1.1-0.9 0.78 4- 0.07 0.88-0.70
PLEW 1.2 -h 0.1 1 o 0.92 4- 0.06 1.0-0.8 1.3 4- 0.1 1.4-1.2 1.0 4- 0.1 1.2-0.8
POQ Length 0.84 4- 0.08 0.93-0.71 0.67 4- 0.04 0.75-0.61 0.91 4- 0.07 1.0-0.8 0.70 4_ 0.06 0.76-0.61
Carapace Width 3.4 4- 0.4 3.8-2.7 2.5 4- 0.2 2.8-2.2 3.6 4- 0.4 4.1-3.0 2.6 4- 0.4 3.2-2.2
CWPLE 1.9 4- 0.2 2.1-1. 1.4 4- 0.1 1.7-1. 2.4 4- 0.2 2.8-2.0 1.7 4- 0.2 2.0-1.
Carapace Length 4.5 4- 0.5 5.1-3.6 3.4 4- 0.3 3.9-3.0 5.0 4- 0.4 5.5-4.2 3.7 4- 0.5 4.4-3.()
Total Length 8.2 4- 0.3 9.3-6.2 6.2 4- 0.6 7.2-5. 11.0 4- 2.0 13.0-8.0 7.5 4- 1.4 9.0-5.6
Ant. CT 3.0 4- 0.0 3.0-3.0 3.0 4- 0.0 3.0-3.0 3.0 4- 0.0 3.0-3.0 3.0 4- 0.0 3.0-3.0
Post. CT 3.1 4- 0.3 3.5-2.5 3.1 4- 0.3 4.0-3.0 3.0 4- 0.0 3.0-3.0 2.9 4- 0.2 3.0-2.
Labium Length 0.53 4- 0.05 0.58-0.43 0.40 4- 0.03 0.45-0.37 0.66 4- 0.08 0.80-0.52 0.45 4- 0.07 0.52-0.33
Labium Width 0.56 4- 0.06 0.63-0.43 0.41 4- 0.05 0.50-0.37 0.70 4- 0.06 0.80-0.60 0.49 4- 0.05 0.53-0.42
Femur I 3.1 4- 0.2 3.3-2.6 2.1 4- 0.2 2.6-1. 3.0 4- 0.3 3.4-2. 2.2 4- 0.3 2.6-1.85
PT I 4.0 4- 0.3 4.3-3. 2.6 4- 0.5 3.3-1. 3.9 4- 0.3 4.5-3.4 2.8 4- 0.5 3.4-2.0
Metatarsus I 2.4 4- 0.2 2.6-2.0 1.4 4- 0.2 1.5-0. 1.8 4- 0.2 2.1-1. 1.2 4- 0.2 1.5-0.9
Tarsus I 1.4 4- 0.07 1.5-1. 0.98 4- 0.16 1.1-0.6 1.2 4- 0.1 1.3-1.0 0.93 4- 0.12 1.1-0.8
Total leg I 11.0 4- 1.0 12.0-9.0 7.1 4- 1.3 8.5-3.7 9.9 4- 0.9 11.0-8.0 7.1 4- 1.0 8.6-5.8
PT II 3.5 4- 0.2 3.8-3. 2.4 4- 0.5 3.0-1. 3.4 4- 0.3 4.0-2.9 2.5 4- 0.4 3.1-2.0
PT III 2.9 4- 0.2 3.2-2.6 2.0 4- 0.4 2.4-1.0 3.0 4- 0.3 3.3-2.8 2.2 4- 0.3 2.6-1.
Femur IV 3.3 4- 0.2 3.5-3.0 2.4 4- 0.4 2.8-1. 3.4 4- 0.3 4.0-2.8 2.5 4- 0.3 3.0-2.
PT IV 4.1 4- 0.1 4.3-3. 2.9 4- 0.6 3.6-1. 4.2 4- 0.1 4.6-3. 3.1 4- 0.3 3.6-2.6
Metatarsus IV 3.4 4- 0.2 3.7-3.2 2.5 4- 0.4 3.0-1. 3.3 4- 0.9 3.6-3.0 2.4 4- 0.3 2.8-2.0
Tarsus IV 1.5 4- 0.1 1.7-1. 1.2 4- 0.2 1.4-0.7 1.4 4- 0.1 1.7-1.3 1.2 4- 0.1 1.4-1.1
Total leg IV 12.0 4- 1.0 13.0-11.0 8.9 4- 1.6 11.0-5.0 12.0 4- 1.0 14.0-11.0 9.2 4- 1.0 11.0-8.0
Palpal
Macrosetae 20.0 ± 6.0 30.0-14.0 7.1 ± 2.1 11.0-4.0
of the median stripe to submargin of carapace; eyes of PER chambers on eithersideofcopulatory openingsequal in height
encircled by black. Dorsum of abdomen: light over heart, to middle field, directly visible as darkened regions through
otherwise uniformly dusky or darkly mottled; rarely marked the integument; middle field widened anteriorly, most narrow
with chevrons; apodemes often conspicuous. Legs: indistinctly portion approximately two-thirds of its maximum width;
annulate; longest to shortest IV: I: II: III. Venter: uniformly transverse piece thin, only slightly upturned at ends; vulval
dark or dusky. Endites and labium: dark as sternum; light chambers large and rounded, extending beyond slender middle
anterior margins. Sternum: dark; almost always marked with field; internal structures also bulge laterally above darkened
inconspicuous light stripe near anterior margin. Epigynum fertilization ducts; epigynum nearly as wide as long. Internal
(Eigs. 6, 8, 11): inverted “T;” large, highly visible vulval genitalia (Figs. 7, 12): high level ofcomplexity; spermathecae
—
Table 2. Measurements (mm) ofepigyna of Trochosa sepulchralis and T. ahdita.
Trochosa sepidchralis 9 n = 10 Trochosa ahdita 9 /; = 9
Dimension Mean ± SD Max.-Min. Mean ± SD Max.-Min.
a 0.09 ± 0.02 0.13-0.07 0.07 ± 0.01 0.09-0.05
b 0.47 ± 0.06 0.54-0.35 0.32 ± 0.04 0.37-0.28
c 0.39 ± 0.03 0.47-0.30 0.30 ± 0.02 0.34-0.26
d 0.38 ± 0.03 0.46-0.30 0.19 ± 0.03 0.24-0.13
e 0.17 ± 0.03 0.26-0.13 0.18 ± 0.03 0.23-0.15
X 0.69 ± 0.05 0.77-0.59 0.53 ± 0.06 0.61-0.43
Y 0.22 ± 0.04 0.32-0.18 0.16 ± 0.03 0.20-0.13
Z 0.68 ± 0.05 0.78-0.58 0.52 ± 0.04 0.60-0.47
Ratio d:z (mean) 0.56 0.37
Ratio d:z (max.-min.) 0.61-0.52 0.47-0.28
Ratio a:e (mean) 0.56 0.39
Ratio a:e (max.-min.) 0.75-0.36 0.48-0.33
Ratio b:e (mean) 2.9 1.9
Ratio b:e (max.-min.) 3.6-2.0 2.4-1.4
Ratio d:c (mean) 0.99 0.63
Ratio d:c (max.-min.) 1.2-0.89 0.80-0.47
— — W —
72 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY
superimposed over large vulval chambers, bent towards the ?, Taylor County: Stephensville, 29°40'N, 083°23'W, 26
copulatory openings, heads oblong with most narrow portion March 1933, H.K. Wallace (AMNH); 1 3, 1 ?, Volusia
directed anteriorly; complicated mass of ducts along base of County: Benson Spring, 28°51'N, 081°19'W, 11 November
spermathecae, dorsal or ventral to fertilization ducts. 1933, H.K. Wallace (AMNH)*; 1 ?, Volusia County: Deland,
Measurements. -Ten males and ten females were measured 29°01'N, 081°18'W, 25 March 1939, F.E. Lutz (AMNH)*. 1 9,
(Tables 1, 2). Somatic features are presented in Table 1. North Carolina: 1 9, Carteret County: Carrot Island, Beaufort,
Measurements and dimension ratios of female epigyna are in 34°43'N, 076°39'W, 15 July 1951, R.D. Barnes (AMNH)*; 1
Table 2. 9, same locati—on, 8 August 1951, R.D. Barnes (AMNH).
Distribution and habitat preferences. Trochosa sepulchralis Etymology. The specific name is Latin, and means hidden
occurs throughout the central southern region of the United or obscure.
—
States. It is found from Florida in theeast to Texas in thewest, Diagnosis. Males of Trochosa ahdita can be distinguished
and north to New York (Figure 21). The habitat preference of from other Nearctic Trochosa by the lack of a secondary
this species is similar to other species of Trochosa. It prefers projection on thetenninal apophysis ofthepalpus, no spiraling
the edge of woods where it is often collected by hand or ofthe embolus, and lack offang excrescence. Likewise females
through the use of pitfall traps. do not havedarkeneddashmarks(Figs. 4, 5)withinthemedian
light stripe, and an epigynum with b:a ratio of4.0-5.75 and d:z
Trochosa ahdita (Gertsch 1934) ratio 0.28-0.47 (Table 2). Both sexes of this spider are small
Figs. 4, 5, 16-20 (5.5-9.0 mm) with a light orspotted venter, strong annulations
Lycosa ahdita Gertsch 1934:3; Wallace 1947:36 (synonymized on all legsegments, andadistribution almostentirely limitedto
with Trochosa acompa, overlooked by subsequent workers). peninsular Florida (Fig. 21).
Trochosa cdidita (GQvi%c\\): Barnes 1953:13. Description. Male: Chelicerae: darkened, most often same
Geolycosa ahdita (Gertsch): Roewer 1955:243. color as carapace; usually armed with three teeth on both
anterior and posterior margins; occasionally with four
Material examined. Holotype female: USA: Florida: Ala-
c(hAuMaNHC)o.unty, Gainesville, “3608,” 29°39'N, 082°19' tpeoesttherioofretqeueathl. sCiezen.trCaalraanptaecreior(Ftiogo.t5h):isgloalrdgeesnt;barllowpnostbearciko-r
ground, markings in dark brown; light median area running
c<L3a,atkOseetad,hme2ebr9y°lmo3*ac9.ta'teNUir,oSinaA0,l:821e9°Fx1laMo9mra'iiWrnd,eca:dh1.311—J9S?3u,p8n,eeAclWi1a.m9Jc3e.h5n,usGaWer.mCteosIauvcsnihuetry((e:AAdMMNNNaerHHwe)n)a**inn;;d’is-11 mtfharerogmpiosnitmeomrfeidotirhaedteecclalryivaipptaoycs;ete,serriwioierdsetorhfebneaPhrMirnEodwRtohrteotPhtiMhneEbRmao,nsdttsaprpoaesdrtiieanrtgiionargt
A3,lascahmuea lCoocuantitoyn:, S15ugaMrafoyot192H6a,mmHuobcbkellne(arAMNGaHi)ne;svi1lle3,, moeutdwiaarndlwihgihtchsetxrtipeendafnrdomttehremifnoavteian,gbeagtinnsiunbgmaorugtisniadeloflitghhet
29°39'N, 082°19'W. 19^March 1938, W.J. Gertsch (AMNH)*; stripes. Submarginal stripes undulate between the ends ofthe
A(M1laAarM?c,cNhhHu2)a1*9,;3C4os,ua1nmHte3.y,K:.lAolcNWaaeatcwliholnunaaa,cne’C1so(9uAnLMMtayaNk,rHe,c)2h;9G°a351i99n'33e8,Ns,,vi3l0Wl?.8e,,J2.°112j99Gu'°evWe3r,n9ti'slNce1,h,4 mcnraaaocdrteiatlaplltaeeicsdne.g;daDebroyaker;nssdfsuaoimfnatAnodtMfraEdacaebsrdakonomdfmecaPnhr:EekvRirnnoegenassnr;clypotrmwoupoxnaiissmfspaooelrtdmttebodbyaamvcpaekorrgdgyreiomdnueansro.dkf
082°19'W, 28 March 1957, Gertsch & Forster (AMNH); 1 3, Legs: annulate or banded, especially femora; unambiguous
Calhoun County: Blountstown, 30°26'N, 085°02'W, 17 April and visible without magnification; longest to shortest IV: I: II:
1938, Gertsch (AMNH)*; 1 3, Highlands County: Archbold III. Endites: somewhat lighter than the labium; curved slightly
Biological Station, 27°17'N, 081°21'W, 19 December 1962, W. inward. Labium: square or slightly wider than long; dark
Ivie (AMNH)*; 2, same location, 19 December 1962, W. Ivie posteriorly and at the margins. Sternum: typically light, taking
(AMNH)*; 1 3, Highlands County: Highlands Hammock near on dusky quality in some specimens. Venter: mottled with
Sebring, 27°29'N,^081°26'W, 14 March 1938, W.J. Gertsch dark spots; usually more heavily so around margins; central
(AMNH)*; 1 3, same location, 24 March 1938, W.J. Gertsch region may be light, or have a dusky tinge. Unexpanded
(AMNH)*; 1 ?, Highlands County: Sebring, 27°29'N, palpus (Figs. 19, 20): spiraled embolus curving from behind
081°26'W, 7 March 1939, F.E. Lutz (AMNH)*; 1 3, Miami- the palea, dips below the tegulum briefly and terminates
Dade County: Homestead, 25°28'N, 080°28'W, 30 January within the cup of the conductor; terminal apophysis arising
1959, R.E. Woodruff (AMNH)*; 1 3, Miami-Dade County: from below palea and extending over upper portion of the
Miami, 25°43'N, 080°14'W, 1 February 1967 (AMNH); 1 ?, conductor; distal margin of area where the tegulum joins
Okeechobee County: Okeechobee, 27°14'N, 080°49'W, 26 median apophysis often marked by very subtle serration;
March 1938, W.J. Gertsch (AMNH)*; 1 3, same location, 28 median apophysis dark, protruding slightly over cymbium, as
March 1938, W.J. Gertsch (AMNH)*; 1 3, Martin County: does conductor; lip or margin of conductor slightly swollen,
Port Mayaca, Lake Okeechobee, 26°59'N, 080°36'W, 29 producing a concavity; tip of palpus never armed with more
March 1938, W.J. Gertsch (AMNH)*; 1 3, Monroe County: than twelve robust macrosetae, though these may be
Key West, 24°33'N, ()8r47'W, 5 February 1967 (AMNH); 1 accompanied by a number of longer hairs and/or setae of
?, Putnam County: Welaka Reserve, 29°28'N, 081°40'W, 5 weaker constitution. Expanded palpus (Fig. 18): palea swol-
May 1973, A.R. Brady, pine litter (HCC)*; 1 ?, Sarasota len; embolus and ejaculatory duct extended, join together
County: Lido Key, 27°20'N, 082°31'W, 28 March 1943, B. immediately before terminal apophysis which projects over
Malkin (AMNH)*; 1 3, Seminole County: Sanford, 28°48'N, and across them; lunar plate ofsubtegulum below the tegulum
081°16'W, 30 March 1942, W.H.&L.F. Stickel (AMNH); 2 31 and above the basal haematodocha; distal haematodocha
DREYER & BRADY—TROCHOSA SEPULCHRALIS AND T. ABDITA 73
—
Figures 16-20. Female and male genitalic structures of Trochosa ahdita (Gertsch): 16. Epigynum of T. ahclila from Newnan's Lake,
Gainesville, Florida, 13 June, 1935; 17. Internal genitalia ofsame; 18. Expanded palp ofmale T. ahdita from Sugarfoot Hammock, Gainesville,
Florida, 19 March 1938; 19. Ventral view ofsame; 20. Retrolateral view ofsame.
!!
74 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY
|
j
discrepancy is addressed in the discussion section. In Wallace’s I.
synonomy (1947), he reports that T. abdita “is one of the
characteristic species of the leaf mould of mesophytic
hammocks in north-central Florida; it seems to favor moist j
situations in these hammocks.” He goes on to associate T. j
!
abdita with wet hammocks and swamps. Wallace also states
ij
that “It is usually found close to its retreat which is most often
a shallow burrow in the ground beneath the leaf mould; h; j
sometimes it is found under or in rotten logs.”
DISCUSSION
I
The two species treated in this manuscript are similar in
!
morphology, but are clearly distinct from one another.
Trochosa abdita is known from the Florida peninsula and
along the southern Atlantic coast while T. sepidchralis (under
the name T. acoinpa) is most often documented from Texas
i
and the surrounding states (Fig. 21). Trochosa sepulchralis is ll
nearly 30% larger than T. abdita in almost every regard
(Table 1). The femaleepigynumdiffers between the two species L
with T. abdita having internal structures that are truncated and f
partly visible beneath embolus and terminal apophysis relative simple, while in T. sepulchralis they are large and complex j
to the position of the median apophysis. The embolus and (compare Figs. 7, 12 with Fig. 17). Thesedifferences arevisible •
ttheermmienadliaanpoapphoypshiyssipsr.oject themselves nearly perpendicular to e1v1ewnitthhrFoiugg.h1t6)h,eainndtemgaumyenaltsoofbethneovteendteqrua(nctoitmaptairveelFyigtsh.ro6u,g8h, |
Female: Very similar to male. Chelicerae: dusky to dark; the measurement ofthe epigynum as explained in the methods |
three teeth on both margins; posterior margins may be armed and Fig. 1, finally comparing the values to those from Table 2. j
with only a pair of teeth; teeth sizes follow that of the male. The carapace pattern of T. abdita is more elaborate, with a
Carapace (Fig. 4): golden; marked by median light stripe of more pronounced median light stripe, and wavy submarginal
varying width, extending from PME to rear of the carapace; light stripes. The legs of T. abdita are more strongly and much i
dark bands or rays extend towards undulating submarginal more often annulate, while its light venter is contrasted with ;
light stripes where they terminate. Margins of carapace the dark venter of T. sepidchralis. !
marked by numerous dark projections; eyes encircled by a As previously noted, the areas in and around Liberty ;
dark color. Dorsum of abdomen: uniformly mottled; heart County, Florida are known to produce spiders with morpho-
mark may be visible anteriorly and faint chevrons may be seen logical characters such as color pattern similar to those of T. j
abdita, but having genitalic characters like those of T. |
posteriorly. Legs: moderately to strongly annulate; longest to 3
shortest IV: I: II: III. Endites, labium, and sternum: light; sreeppurlecshernatlish.ybrCiudrsrewnhtelrye ittheisdisutnrkibnuotiwonn oiff tthheesseetwsopescpiemceiness '
labium often darker near posterior margin. Venter: mottled
with dark spots on a light background. Epigynum (Fig. 16): overlaps, or if these populations represent a third species. !'
Conventional wisdom dictates that genitalic characters
inverted “T;” middle field widened anteriorly; narrowest ;;
supercede somatic characters, and for this reason the authors
portion of middle field about half as wide as widest point; |!
advocate recognition of these specimens as Trochosa sepul-
transverse piece thin, slightly directed anteriorly at both ends.
Portions of internal genitalic structures visible through chralis until their relationship to other populations is more [
fully understood.
integument; rounded structures extend anteriorly to about
two-thirds the height of middle field; project anteriorly and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS '
laterally, beneath lie two darkened areas marking fertilization Thanks are warmly extended to Norman Platnick (AMNH)
ducts; epigynum nearly as long as wide. Internal genitalia and Laura Liebensperger (MCZ) for the loan of specimens
(Fig. 17): with spermathecae appearing as bent arms with 1
“elbows” projecting laterally; top of spermathecae rounded, critical to the completion of this study. LouAisMNSHor,kin is i
recognized for his hospitality while visiting the help
appearing as a smooth circle atop a stalk; behind spermathe-
in procuring relevant manuscripts, and providing the palpal
cae lie vulval chambers extending vertically with widened top; expansion protocol. The assistance of Thomas Bultman is
fertilization ducts curl ventrally toward the midline.
.Measurements. Ten males and nine females were measured recognized for reviewing an early version ofthe manuscWriept, as | .
well as for his personal support for this project. also
(MTeaabsluerse1m,en2t).s aSnodmadtiimcenfseiaotnurerastiaosreofprfeesmeanlteedepiignynTaabalree i1n. gCroaltleefguelltyo uasckdnuorwilnegdtghee ctohuersereosfoutrhciessresperaorvcihd.ed by Hope 'il l^
Table 2. — ! ^
Distribution and habitat preferences. Trocliosa abdita is LITERATURE CITED '
found from southern Florida northwestward to the Florida Banks, N. 1905. Synopses of North American Invertebrates. XX. 4
panhandle and north to the coastal region ofNorth Carolina Familiesandgenera ofAraneida. American Naturalist 39:293-323.
1{
(Fig. 21). In western Florida, it can be confused with a very Barnes, R.D. 1953. Reportonacollection ofspidersfrom thecoastof
similar looking species to which it is clearly related. This North Carolina. American Museum Novitates 1632:1-21. I