Trichoderma: Host Pathogen Interactions and Applications PDF
Preview Trichoderma: Host Pathogen Interactions and Applications
Rhizosphere Biology Anil K. Sharma Pratibha Sharma Editors Trichoderma Host Pathogen Interactions and Applications Rhizosphere Biology SeriesEditor AnilK.Sharma Biological Sciences, CBSH, G.B.Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar,Uttarakhand,India The Series Rhizosphere Biology, emphasizes on the different aspects of Rhizo- sphere.Major increase inagricultural productivity, tomeet growing fooddemands ofhumanpopulationisimperative,tosurviveinthefuture.Alongwithmethodsof crop improvement, an understanding of the rhizosphere biology, and the ways to manipulateit,couldbeaninnovativestrategytodealwiththisdemandofincreasing productivity.ThisSerieswouldprovidecomprehensiveinformationforresearchers, and encompass all aspects in field of rhizosphere biology. It would comprise of topicsrangingfromtheclassicalstudiestothemostadvancedapplicationbeingdone in the field. Rhizoshpere is a dynamic environment, and a series of processes take place to create a congenial environment for plant to grow and survive. There are factorswhichmighthamperthegrowthofplants,resultinginproductivityloss,but, themechanismsarenotveryclear.Understandingtherhizosphereisneeded,inorder tocreateopportunitiesforresearcherstocomeupwithrobuststrategiestoexploitthe rhizosphereforsustainableagriculture. There are titles already available in the market in the broad area of rhizosphere biology, but there is a major lack of information as to the functions and future applications of this field. These titles have not given all the up-to-date information required by the today’s researchers and therefore, this Series aims to fill out thosegaps. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/15861 (cid:129) Anil K. Sharma Pratibha Sharma Editors Trichoderma Host Pathogen Interactions and Applications Editors AnilK.Sharma PratibhaSharma BiologicalSciences,CBSH DivisionofPlantPathology G.B.PantUniversityofAgriculture& ICAR-IndianAgriculturalResearchInstitute Technology NewDelhi,India Pantnagar,Uttarakhand,India ISSN2523-8442 ISSN2523-8450 (electronic) RhizosphereBiology ISBN978-981-15-3320-4 ISBN978-981-15-3321-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3321-1 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Dedicated to Parents, Children and God Foreword Trichodermaspp.(perfectstage:Hypocrea)areawidelystudiedfilamentous asco- mycetous fungus used as a biocontrol agent against major phytopathogens. They comprisedifferenteconomicallyimportantspecies,viz.T.harzianum,T.asperellum, T.viride,T.atroviride,T.virens,andT.reesei.Theyareanomnipresentmycoflora and major colonizers of numerous soils in all the ecosystems and different agroclimatic zones. Thesespeciesare known for their ability tocolonizecellulosic materials and, in the rhizosphere of plants, can induce systemic resistance against plant pathogens. These fungi are characterized by hasty growth, intense green conidia,andrepeatedlybranchedconidiophores.Byvirtueoftheirhighantagonistic and mycoparasitic potential, some Trichoderma strains encompass the ability to decrease the severity of plant diseasesby inhibiting plant pathogens, mainly inthe soil or on plant roots. They do control a wide range of plant pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, oomycetes, and even viral diseases, through elicitation of induced systemic resistance or localized resistance. They have antagonistic effects on soil- borne fungal plant pathogens belonging to different groups (ascomycetes, deuteromycetes, and basidiomycetes) and also foliar fungal plant pathogens. They are well known as a proficient biocontrol agent because of their high reproductive capability, ability to stay alive under very adverse conditions, effectiveness in nutrient utilization, ability to alter the rhizosphere, sturdy aggressiveness against plantpathogens,andefficiencyinpromotingplantgrowthanddefensemechanisms. Trichoderma establishes wellin the rhizospheric region and assists theprogress of the positive interaction with plants because of the availability of fungal prey and root-derivednutrients.Alsosomerhizosphere-competentTrichodermastrainshave been shown to have direct effects on plants, increasing their growth potential and nutrient uptake, fertilizer use efficiency, percentage and rate of seed germination, andstimulationofplantdefensesagainstbioticandabioticdamages. The present volume on Trichoderma: Host Pathogen Interactions and Applica- tionsprovidesdetailedinformationonrhizosphericinteractionofTrichodermaspp. in response to host and pathogen systems. This volume consists of 15 chapters. Chapter1byLavyandHorwitzdescribestheexperimentalframeworktoapproach thegeneticbasisofrootcolonization,andamoresystematicgeneticanalysismight vii viii Foreword finallyidentifycentralregulatorsofcolonizationinthefungalgenome.Chapter2by Montietal.providesthevocabularyofTrichoderma-plantinteractions.Thechapter provides the known “words” that Trichoderma spp. use to chat with plants. Chapter3byPovedaetal.presentstheprocessofrootcolonizationbyTrichoderma, the indirect benefits obtained by plants through their symbiotic relationship with Trichoderma, and the thin line that separates mutualism from parasitism in this interaction. Chapter 4 by Nakkeeran et al. is about harnessing the perception of Trichodermasignalmoleculesinrhizospheretoimprovesoilhealthandplanthealth. ThischapterdealswithmolecularcommunicationthatoccursbetweenTrichoderma andtherhizospheretoimproveplanthealthandsoilhealth.Chapter5byGuptaand Maya Bar elaborates plant immunity, priming, and systemic resistance as mecha- nismsforTrichodermaspp.biocontrolandalsoprovidesanoverviewofthecurrent knowledge of plant immunity and mechanisms underlying induced systemic resis- tance triggered by Trichoderma spp. Chapter 6 by Chen et al. presents the compi- lation of the induced resistance of Trichoderma species on maize plants against different plant pathogens and the mechanisms. Induced immunity developed by Trichoderma species in plants has been described by Chakraborty et al. in Chap. 7. Chapter 8 by Swain and Mukherjee presents the effect of host-pathogen- Trichodermainteractionduringabioticandbioticstresses.Trichoderma-basedbio- logical control strategies of Fusarium wilt and its interactions during pathogen interactions were highlighted by Sharma and Sharma in Chap. 9. Chapter 10 by Navi and Yang explains the use of Trichoderma in the management of diseases in North American row crops. In this chapter, they added the Trichoderma-based products that are labeled for major row crops like corn, soybean, cotton, and wheat.Chapter11isaboutthepotentialofTrichodermaspp.forpestmanagement andplantgrowthpromotioninNorthEastIndia.ThischapterbyBoraandhisteam summarizes the comprehensive information on research findings on Trichoderma including plant disease and insect pest management, plant growth promotion, Trichoderma-mediated host defense response, and role in organic agriculture in NE India. Chapter 12 by Dutta and his colleagues provides detailed information onthepotentialuseofTrichodermaspp.forthemanagementofteadiseases,mode ofactionofTrichodermaagainstthepathogenscausingteadiseases,andtheroleof different biotic and abiotic factors on Trichoderma spp. Anandaraj and Umadevi discussinChap.13themultipartiteinteractionsofTrichodermaharzianum(MTCC 5179), beneficial interactions, increase in rhizospheric efficiency, and gene editing techniques.InChap.14,SharmaandherteampresenttheoutcomesofTrichoderma- based consortia which have shown effective results in protecting the crops from variousdiseases,andalsoanexplanationontheevaluationorassessmentofmicro- bialconsortiumonhostandplantpathogensthroughmathematicalmodelshasbeen added in this chapter. Chapter 15 authored by William Rivera-Méndez details the different aspects related to research with native isolates with the aim of improving theinoculationtechniquesofthefungusanditsestablishmentintherhizosphereof onion, garlic, and sweet pepper crops, under tropical environmental conditions in CentralAmerica. Foreword ix Overall,greateffortshavebeencarriedoutbyDr.AnilSharmaandProf.Pratibha Sharma and scientists from different countries to compile this book as a highly unique,up-to-date source onTrichoderma:HostPathogen InteractionsandAppli- cationsfor students, researchers,scientists, andacademics. Ihopethat readers will findthisbookhighlyusefulandinterestingduringtheirpursuitondetailedaspectsof Trichoderma. GBPAUT,Pantnagar,India TejPartap Preface Presently, agriculture is passing through a transitional phase of change over from chemicalstonon-chemicalpracticesbyswitchingovertomicrobialtechnologiesin theformofbiopesticidesandbiofertilizers.Thereisagrowingconcernfororganic food and agriculture amongst the agriculture clientele. With the climate change, there are large problems related to agriculture mainly drought, salinity, decreased soil fertility, and pests. At this juncture, we really need an eco-friendly biocontrol agent that is a multitasker in terms of resolving the above-mentioned problems. Trichodermaisonesuchgenusthatisubiquitouslypresentintheenvironmentwhich isaveryimportantcomponentandresidentoftherhizosphere.Trichodermaspp.are common soil and root inhabitants, which have been widely studied due to their multiplemechanismsincludingantagonism,plantgrowthpromotion,productionof differentkindsofenzymes,andinductionofdefenseresponsesinplantswhichhave asignificantroleinbioticandabioticstresstolerance.Furthermore,Trichoderma,in association with plant roots, can trigger systemic resistance and improve plant nutrientuptake. Trichoderma-based products have been particularly noted as successful biologi- cal control agents for contrasting plant pathogens, mainly soil-borne pathogens, as wellasinducingresistancetobioticstresses.However,inadditiontotheirsuccessas a biocontrol agent, some Trichoderma strains have been proven to have a biostimulant activity, plant growth promotion, improved yield, and nutritional quality,aswellasmitigatingthedetrimentaleffectofabioticstresses.Trichoderma have gained importance as microbial plant biostimulants also. Plant biostimulants, whichincludeorganicandinorganicnaturalsubstances,areusedtoenhancenutrient uptake,andcropproductioncouldbeconsideredasasustainableandenvironmen- tallyfriendlyapproachtosecureyieldstabilityunderlow-inputconditions.Thereare reports on the mechanism of stimulation by Trichoderma which involves a multilevelroot–shootcommunication. Therefore, it is not surprising that Trichoderma now is known as a successful beneficial microbial biological agent, which is used in agriculture as biopesticide, biofertilizer, bio-growth enhancer, and biostimulant marketed worldwide for con- ventionalandorganicagriculturalproduction. xi
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