Tribology Handbook

425 Pages·1995·23.004 MB·English

by  Neale, Michael J.(eds.)

THE TRIBOLOGY HANDBOOK
Second edition
Edited by
M. J. NEALE
OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch, FEng, FIMechE
T T E R W O R TH
I N E M A NN
Butterworth-Heinemann
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn MA 0 1 80 1 -204 1
A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd
A member of the Reed Elsevier pic group
OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON
JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEWDELHI
First published 1973
Second edition 1995
Reprinted 1997, 1999
Transferred to digital printing 2001
© The editor and contributors 1973, 1995
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any
material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by
electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some
other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright
holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing
Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England, WlP OLP. Applications
for the copyright holder's written permission to reproduce any part of this publication
should be addressed to the publisher
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN O 7506 11 98 7
For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications
visit our website at www.bh.com
Printed in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Eastbourne
PLANTAI
1
TREE
FOR EVERY UTU THAT WE PUBLISH, BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMy
WItX PAY FOR BTCV TO PLANT AM) CARE FOR A TREE.
Editor's Preface
This second revised edition of the Tribology Handbook follows the pattern of the original, first published over twenty years
ago. It aims to provide instant access to essential information on the performance of tribological components, and is aimed
particularly at designers and engineers in industry.
Tribological components are those which carry all the relative movements in machines. Their performance, therefore,
makes a critical contribution to the reliability and efficiency of all machines. Also because they are the local areas of
machines, where high forces and rapid movements are transmitted simultaneously, they are also the components most likely
to fail, because of the concentration of energy that they carry. If anything is wrong with a machine or its method of use,
these components are the mechanical fuses, which will indicate the existence of a problem. If this happens, guidance on the
performance that these components would be expected to provide, can be invaluable.
Designers of machines should also find the contents helpful, because they provide an atlas of component performance,
aimed at providing the guidance needed when planning the feasibility of various possible layouts for a machine design.
In a book of this size it is not possible to cover the whole of the technology of tribological components. More focused
design procedures, standards and text books will do this, and hopefully guide engineers in how to get their designs close to
the optimum. In a sense the objective of this handbook is to make sure that they do not get it wrong.
The format of the book is original and has possibly set an example on the presentation of technical information in the
form of an atlas. Like an atlas it is intended to provide guidance on where you are or should be, more or less at a glance,
rather than to be read like a novel from cover to cover. The presentation of information in this form has been quite a
challenge to the contributors who have responded well and the editor would like to record his appreciation of their work and
of all the people who have helped him in the preparation of the book.
The editor, who has spent over forty years solving problems with machinery around the world, has found the information
in this book of tremendous value. He hopes that it will be equally helpful to its readers with both design and problem
solving. For those engineers in countries, who are now moving towards industrialisation, it is hoped, also, that it will
provide a useful summary of the experience of those who have been doing it for a little longer.
Michael Neale
Neale Consulting Engineers Ltd
Farnham, Surrey UK
Contributors
Section Author
Selection of bearing type and form M. J. Neale OBE BSc(Eng), DIG, FCGI, WhSch,
3
FEng, FIMechE
Selection of journal bearings M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIG, FCGI, WhSch,
FEng, FIMechE
Selection of thrust bearings P. B. Neal BEng, PhD, CEng, MIMechE
Plain bearing materials P. T. Holligan BSc(Tech), FIM,
J. M. Conway Jones BSc, PhD, DIG, ACGI
Dry rubbng bearings J. K. Lancaster PhD, DSc, FInstP
Porous metal bearings V. T. Morgan AIM, MIMechE
Grease, wick and drip fed journal bearings W. H. Wilson BSc(Eng), CEng, MIMechE
Ring and disc fed journal bearings F. A. Martin CEng, FIMechE
Steady load pressure fed journal bearings F. A. Martin CEng, FIMechE
High speed bearings and rotor dynamics M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIG, FCGI, WhSch,
FEng, FIMechE
Crankshaft bearings D. de Geurin CEng, FIMechE
Plain bearing form and installation J. M. Conway Jones BSc, PhD, DIG, ACGI
Oscillatory journal bearings K. Jakobsen LicTechn
Spherical bearings D. Bastow BSc(Eng), CEng, FIMechE, MConsE, MSAE,
MSIA(France)
Plain thrust bearings P. B. Neal BEng, PhD, CEng, MIMechE
Profiled pad thrust bearings P. B. Neal, BEng, PhD, CEng, MIMechE
Tilting pad thrust bearings A. Hill CEng, FIMechE, FIMarE
Hydrostatic bearings W. B. Rowe BSc, PhD, DSc, CEng, FIMechE, FIEE
Gas bearings A. J. Munday BSc(Tech), CEng, MIMechE
Selection of rolling bearings D. G. Hjertzen CEng, MIMechE
Rolling bearing materials D. B.Jones CEng, MIMechE,
P. L. Hurricks BSc, MSc
Rolling bearing installation C. W. Foot CEng, MIMechE
Slide bearings F. M. Stansfield BSc(Tech), CEng, MIMechE,
A. E. Young BEng, CEng, MIMechE, AMCT
Instrument jewels G. F. Tagg BSc, PhD, CEng, FInstP, FIEE, FIEEE
Flexures and knife edges A. B. Crease MSc, ACGI, CEng, MIMechE
Electromagnetic bearings G. Fletcher BSc, CEng, MIMechE
Bearing surface treatments and coatings M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIG, FCGI, WhSch,
FEng, FIMechE
Belt drives T. H. C. Childs BA, MA, PhD, CEng, FIMechE,
MInstP
Roller chain drives M. C. Christmas BSc, CEng, MIMechE, MIMgt
Gears A. Stokes
Flexible couplings M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIG, FCGI, WhSch
FEng, FIMechE
Self-synchronising clutches J. Neeves BA(Eng)
One-way clutches T. A. Polak MA, CEng, MIMechE
Friction clutches T. P. Newcomb DSc, CEng, FIMechE, FInstP, CPhys
R. T. Spurr DSc, PhD, DIG, FInstP, CPhys
H. C. Town CEng, FIMechE, HProdE
Brakes T. P. Newcomb DSc, CEng, FIMechE, FInstP, CPhys
R. T. Spurr DSc, PhD, DIG, FInstP, CPhys
Screws M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIG, FCGI, WhSch,
FEng, FIMechE
Contributors
Section Author
Cams and followers T. A. Polak MA, CEng, MIMechE,
C. A. Beard CEng, FIMechE, AFRAeS
Wheels rails and tyres W. H. Wilson BSc(Eng), CEng, MIMechE
Capstans and drums C. M. Taylor BSc(Eng) MSc. PhD, DEng, CEng,
FIMechE
Wire ropes D. M. Sharp
Control cables G. Hawtree
C. Deny
Damping devices J. L. Koffman DiPlIng, CEng, FIMechE
Pistons B. L. Ruddy BSc, PhD, CEng, MIMechE
G. Longfoot CEng, MIMechE
Piston rings R. Munro BSc, PhD, CEng, MIMechE
B. L. Ruddy, BSc, PhD, CEng, MIMechE
D. C. Austin
Cylinders and liners E. J. Murray BSc(Eng), CEng, MIMechE
N. Tommis AIM, MIEI, AIMF
Selection of seals B. S. Nau BSc, PhD, ARCS, CEng, FIMechE,
MemASME
Sealing against dirt and dust W. H. Barnard BSc(Lond), CEng, MIMechE
Oil flinger rings and drain grooves A. B. Duncan BSc, CEng, FIMechE
Labyrinths, brush seals and B. S. Nau BSc, PhD, ARCS , CEng, FIMechE,
throttling bushes MemASME
Lip seals E. T. Jagger BSc(Eng), PhD, CEng, FIMechE
Mechanical seals A. Lymer BSc(Eng), CEng, FIMechE,
W. H. Wilson BSc(Eng), CEng, MIMechE
Packed glands R. Eason CEng, MIMechE
Mechanical piston rod packings J. D. Summers-Smith BSc, PhD, CEng, FIMechE
R. S. Wilson MA
Soft piston seals R. T. Lawrence MIED
Selection of lubricant type A. R. Lansdown MSc, PhD, FRIC, FInstPet
Mineral oils T. I. Fowle BSc (Rons), ACGI, CEng, FIMechE
Synthetic oils A. R. Lansdown BSc, PhD, FRIC, FInstPet
Greases N. Robinson & A. R. Lansdown BSc, PhD, FRIC, FInstPet
Solid lubricants and coatings J. K. Lancaster PhD, DSc, FInstP
Other liquids D. T.JamiesonFRIC
Plain bearing lubrication J. C. Bell BSc, PhD
Rolling bearing lubrication E. L. Padmore CEng, MIMechE
Gear and roller chain lubrication J. Bathgate BSc, CEng, MIMechE
Slide lubrication M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIG, FCGI, WhSch,
FEng, FIMechE
Lubrication of flexible couplings J. D. Summers-Smith BSc, PhD, CEng, FIMechE
Wire rope lubrication D. M. Sharp
Selection of lubrication systems W. J. J. Crump BSc, ACGI, FInstP
Total loss grease systems P. L. Langborne BA, CEng, MIMechE
Total loss oil and fluid grease systems P. G. F. Seldon CEng, MIMechE
Dip splash systems J. Bathgate BSc, CEng, MIMechE
Mist systems R. E. Knight BSc, FCGI
Circulation systems D. R. Parkinson FInstPet
Commissioning lubrication systems N. R. W. Morris
Design of storage tanks A. G. R. Thomson BSc(Eng), CEng, AFRAeS
Contributors
Section Author
Selection of oil pumps A. J. Twidale
Selection of filters and centrifuges R. H. Lowres CEng, MIMechE, MIProdE, MIMarE,
MSAE, MBIM
Selection of heaters and coolers J. H. Gilbertson CEng, MIMechE, AMIMarE
A guide to piping design P. D. Swales BSc, PhD, CEng, MIMechE
Selection of warning and protection devices A. J. Twidale
Running in procedures W. C. Pike BSc, MSc ACGI, CEng, MIMechE
5
Lubricant change periods and tests J. D. Summers-Smith BSc, PhD, CEng, FIMechE
Biological deterioration of lubricants E. C. Hill MSc., FInstPet
Lubricant hazards; fire, explosion and health J. D. Summers-Smith BSc, PhD, CEng, FIMechE
Lubrication maintenance planning R. S. Burton
High pressure and vacuum A. R. Lansdown MSc, PhD, FRIC, FInstPet &
J. D. Summers-Smith BSc., PhD, CEng, FIMechE
High and low temperatures M. J. ToddMA.
World ambient climatic data A. G. R. Thomson BSc(Eng), CEng, AFRAeS
Industrial plant environmental data R. L. G. Keith BSc
Chemical effects H. H. Anderson BSc(Hons), CEng, FIMechE
Storage C. E. Carpenter FRIC
Failure patterns and failure analysis J. D. Summers-Smith BSc, PhD, CEng,
FIMechE
M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIG, FCGI, WhSch,
FEng, FIMechE
Plain bearing failures P. T. Holingan BSc(Tech), FIM
Rolling bearing failures W. J. J. Crump BSc, ACGI, FInstP
Gear failures T. I. Fowle BSc(Hons), ACGI, CEng, FIMechE
H. J. Watson BSc(Eng), CEng, MIMechE
Piston and ring failures M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIG, FCGI, WhSch,
FEng, FIMechE
Seal failures B. S. Nau BSc, PhD, ARCS CEng, FIMechE,
5
MemASME
Wire rope failures S. Maw MA5 CEng, MIMechE
Brake and clutch failures T. P. Newcombe DSc CEng, FIMechE, FInstP
5
R. T. Spurr BSc, PhD
Fretting problems R. B. Waterhouse MA PhD, FIM
5
Maintenance methods M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIG, FCGI,
WhSch, FEng, FIMechE
Condition monitoring M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC FCGI WhSch,
5 5
FEng, FIMechE
Operating temperature limits J. D. Summers-Smith BSc, PhD, CEng,
FIMechE
Vibration analysis M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIG, FCGI5
WhSch, FEng, FIMechE
Wear debris analsis M. H. Jones BSc(Hons), CEng, MIMechE,
MInstNDT
M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIG, FCGI,
WhSch, FEng, FIMechE
Performance analysis M. J. Neale OBE BSc(Eng), DIC FCGI WhSch,
5 5 5
FEng, FIMechE
Allowable wear limits H. H. Heath FIMechE
Repair of worn surfaces G. R. Bell BSc, ARSM CEng, FIM, FWeIdI
5 5
FRIG
Contributors
Section Author
Wear resistant materials H. Hocke CEng, MIMechE, FIPlantE, MIMH, FIL
M. Bartle CEng, MIM, DipIM, MIIM, AMWeIdI
Repair of plain bearings P. T. Holligan BSc(Tech), FIM
Repair of friction surfaces T. P. Newcomb DSc, CEng, FIMechE, FInstP
R. T. Spurr BSc, PhD
Industrial flooring materials A. H. Snow FCIS, MSAAT
The nature of surfaces and contact J. A. Greenwood BA, PhD
Surface topography R. E. Reason DSc, ARCS, FRS
Hardness M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIG, FCGI, WhSch, FEng,
FIMechE
Friction mechanisms, effect of lubricants D. Tabor PhD, ScD FInstP, FRS
5
Frictional properties of materials D. Tabor PhD, ScD, FInstP, FRS
Viscosity of lubricants H. Naylor BSc, PhD, CEng, FIMechE
Methods of fluid film formation D. Dowson CBE, BSc, PhD, DSc, FEng, FIMechE, FRS
Mechanisms of wear K. H. R. Wright PhD, FInstP
Heat dissipation from bearing assemblies A. B. Crease MSc, ACGI, CEng, MIMechE
Shaft deflections and slopes M. F. Madigan BSc
Shape tolerances of typical components J. J. Crabtree BSc(Tech)Hons.
S.I. units and conversion factors M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIG, FCGI, WhSch, FEng,
FIMechE
THE TRIBOLOGY HANDBOOK
Second edition
Edited by
M. J. NEALE
OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch, FEng, FIMechE
T T E R W O R TH
I N E M A NN
Butterworth-Heinemann
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn MA 0 1 80 1 -204 1
A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd
A member of the Reed Elsevier pic group
OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON
JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEWDELHI
First published 1973
Second edition 1995
Reprinted 1997, 1999
Transferred to digital printing 2001
© The editor and contributors 1973, 1995
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any
material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by
electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some
other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright
holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing
Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England, WlP OLP. Applications
for the copyright holder's written permission to reproduce any part of this publication
should be addressed to the publisher
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN O 7506 11 98 7
For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications
visit our website at www.bh.com
Printed in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Eastbourne
PLANTAI
1
TREE
FOR EVERY UTU THAT WE PUBLISH, BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMy
WItX PAY FOR BTCV TO PLANT AM) CARE FOR A TREE.
Editor's Preface
This second revised edition of the Tribology Handbook follows the pattern of the original, first published over twenty years
ago. It aims to provide instant access to essential information on the performance of tribological components, and is aimed
particularly at designers and engineers in industry.
Tribological components are those which carry all the relative movements in machines. Their performance, therefore,
makes a critical contribution to the reliability and efficiency of all machines. Also because they are the local areas of
machines, where high forces and rapid movements are transmitted simultaneously, they are also the components most likely
to fail, because of the concentration of energy that they carry. If anything is wrong with a machine or its method of use,
these components are the mechanical fuses, which will indicate the existence of a problem. If this happens, guidance on the
performance that these components would be expected to provide, can be invaluable.
Designers of machines should also find the contents helpful, because they provide an atlas of component performance,
aimed at providing the guidance needed when planning the feasibility of various possible layouts for a machine design.
In a book of this size it is not possible to cover the whole of the technology of tribological components. More focused
design procedures, standards and text books will do this, and hopefully guide engineers in how to get their designs close to
the optimum. In a sense the objective of this handbook is to make sure that they do not get it wrong.
The format of the book is original and has possibly set an example on the presentation of technical information in the
form of an atlas. Like an atlas it is intended to provide guidance on where you are or should be, more or less at a glance,
rather than to be read like a novel from cover to cover. The presentation of information in this form has been quite a
challenge to the contributors who have responded well and the editor would like to record his appreciation of their work and
of all the people who have helped him in the preparation of the book.
The editor, who has spent over forty years solving problems with machinery around the world, has found the information
in this book of tremendous value. He hopes that it will be equally helpful to its readers with both design and problem
solving. For those engineers in countries, who are now moving towards industrialisation, it is hoped, also, that it will
provide a useful summary of the experience of those who have been doing it for a little longer.
Michael Neale
Neale Consulting Engineers Ltd
Farnham, Surrey UK