Table Of Content

TRIBOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS AND ADVANCEMENTS Edited by Jürgen Gegner Tribology: Fundamentals and Advancements Edited by Jürgen Gegner Contributors Maciej Paszkowski, Giuseppe Pintaude, Mohammad Tauviqirrahman, Rifky Ismail, J Jamari, Dirk J. Schipper, Manfred Mauntz, Jürgen Gegner, Ulrich Kuipers, Stefan Klingauf, Nehal Ahmed, Amal Nassar, Masataka Nosaka, Virginia Sáenz De Viteri, Elena Fuentes, Remigiusz Michalczewski, Marek Kalbarczyk, Michal Pawel Michalak, Witold Piekoszewski, Marian Szczerek, Waldemar Tuszynski, Jan Wulczyński, Xana Fernandez, Amaya Igartua, Erik Kuhn, Walter Holweger Copyright © 2016 Second Edition All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. However, users who aim to disseminate and distribute copies of this book as a whole must not seek monetary compensation for such service (excluded representatives and agreed collaborations). After this work has been published by authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. First published May, 2013 second - 2016 ISBN-10: 953-51-1135-3 ISBN-13: 978-953-51-1135-1 Contents Preface VII Section 1 Lubrication and Properties of Lubricants 1 Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Lubricants and Lubrication 3 Walter Holweger Chapter 2 Lubrication and Lubricants 55 Nehal S. Ahmed and Amal M. Nassar Chapter 3 Some Aspects of Grease Flow in Lubrication Systems and Friction Nodes 77 Maciej Paszkowski Section 2 Boundary Lubrication Applications 107 Chapter 4 Cryogenic Tribology in High-Speed Bearings and Shaft Seals of Rocket Turbopumps 109 Masataka Nosaka and Takahisa Kato Chapter 5 Titanium and Titanium Alloys as Biomaterials 155 Virginia Sáenz de Viteri and Elena Fuentes Section 3 Testing and Modeling 183 Chapter 6 New Scuffing Test Methods for the Determination of the Scuffing Resistance of Coated Gears 185 Remigiusz Michalczewski, Marek Kalbarczyk, Michal Michalak, Witold Piekoszewski, Marian Szczerek, Waldemar Tuszynski and Jan Wulczynski VI Contents Chapter 7 Introduction of the Ratio of the Hardness to the Reduced Elastic Modulus for Abrasion 217 Giuseppe Pintaude Chapter 8 Artificial Slip Surface: Potential Application in Lubricated MEMS 231 M. Tauviqirrahman, R. Ismail, J. Jamari and D.J. Schipper Chapter 9 Friction and Wear of a Grease Lubricated Contact — An Energetic Approach 251 Erik Kuhn Section 4 Sustainability of Tribosystems 273 Chapter 10 Innovative “Green” Tribological Solutions for Clean Small Engines 275 Xana Fernández-Pérez, Amaya Igartua, Roman Nevshupa, Patricio Zabala, Borja Zabala, Rolf Luther, Flavia Gili and Claudio Genovesio Chapter 11 A Sensor System for Online Oil Condition Monitoring of Operating Components 305 Manfred R. Mauntz, Jürgen Gegner, Ulrich Kuipers and Stefan Klingau Preface As the subject of tribology comprises lubrication, friction and wear of contact components highly relevant to practical applications, it challenges scientists from chemistry, physics and materials engineering around the world on today’s sophisticated experimental and theoreti‐ cal foundation to complex interdisciplinary research. Recent results and developments are preferably presented and evaluated in the context of established knowledge. Consisting of eleven chapters divided into the four parts of Lubrication and Properties of Lubricants, Boundary Lubrication Applications, Testing and Modeling, and Sustainability of Tribosys‐ tems, this textbook therefore merges basic concepts with new findings and approaches. Tri‐ bology – Fundamentals and Advancements, supported by competent authors, aims to convey current research trends in the light of the state of the art to students, scientists and practitioners and help them solve their problems. The undesirable loss of energy and material by friction and wear cause damage amounting to several ten billion dollars. The high economical relevance of the demand for durable products has been driving the development and continuous refinement of the scientific and engineering discipline of tribology since the middle of the last century. The excellent invited Chapter 1 on Fundamentals of Lubricants and Lubrication opens the book by providing an expert introduction to the chemistry and basic properties of oils, additives and greases on the advanced level of a standard reference guide. The two following contri‐ butions complete the general background of the Part 1. Chapter 2 on Lubrication and Lubricat‐ ing Oil outlines the regimes of lubrication and deals with liquid, solid and gaseous lubricants. Oils take up the most space of this paper. Chapter 3 on Some Aspects of Grease Flow in Lubrication Systems and Friction Nodes extends the discussion of grease lubrication and covers structural as well as rheologic properties. Part 2 turns the reader’s attention to applications under adverse operating conditions. Chap‐ ter 4 on Cryogenic High-Speed Bearings and Shaft Seals of Rocket Turbopumps reviews promising approaches for reliable machine elements in future space transportation systems. A crucial material issue in aerospace engineering is associated with this task, for instance, due to the differences in the thermal alteration of the mechanical behavior. The optional use of ceram‐ ics in hybrid bearings at extremely low service temperatures and boundary lubrication indi‐ cates the importance of innovative materials for tribologically loaded components. Chapter 5 on Titanium and Titanium Alloys as Biomaterials makes this conclusion even more meaning‐ ful and extents it to mixed friction oriented surface engineering. Recent attempts to increase the wear resistance of orthopedic implants are discussed. Titanium and its alloys provide excellent biocompatibility and corrosion protection but the poor tribological properties are detrimental. VIII Preface Part 3 of the book is dedicated to laboratory testing, modeling approaches and mathematical simulation. The New Scuffing Test Methods for the Determination of the Scuffing Resistance of Coated Gears, proposed in Chapter 6, is applied to evaluate the performance of coatings. The examination of new lubricants requires gear testing as well. The prediction of the abrasion response of a tribosystem involves material characteristics of the counterbodies. It is an of‐ ten raised question what relationship holds between wear and hardness? Introducing the Ra‐ tio of the Hardness to the Reduced Elastic Modulus for Abrasion in Chapter 7 serves the purpose of modeling the wear coefficient. The suitability is demonstrated on the examples of the well-known tribosystems of glass‒bearing steel and alumina‒hard metal. The characteriza‐ tion of the cutting efficiency is particularly relevant to machining processes. Chapter 8, enti‐ tled Artificial Slip Surface: Potential Application in Lubricated MEMS, is another highlight of the book. It presents a novel lubrication model for moving parts in micro electro-mechanical systems, based on the numerical solution of a modified Reynolds equation, to improve the tribological performance of lubricated contacts. Chapter 9 on Friction and Wear of a Grease Lubricated Contact ‒ An Energetical Approach instructively specializes the discussion of Chap‐ ter 3. It elaborates an advanced energy balance model and includes rheometer tests. Grease degradation is correlated with the energetics of a tribosystem. Part 4 finally addresses the emerging sustainability topic from the two essential aspects of environmentally friendly tribology and early failure detection. Chapter 10 on Innovative “Green” Tribological Solutions for Clean Small Engines considers the practical problems with biodegradable lubricants, such as abrasive wear, in this demanding operating environment. It investigates new biofuel-compatible eco-oils and materials or coatings that promote their use. Chapter 11 introduces A Sensor System for Online Oil Condition Monitoring of Operating Components with up-to-date web-based accessibility. The electrical oil sensor assists with in‐ creasing the level of machine availability, e.g., of off-shore wind turbines and can also be used to measure the percentage of biodiesel in a fuel blend. The editor especially would like to thank the authors for their valuable work. The support of the publisher is also highly appreciated. Jürgen Gegner University of Siegen, Germany Section 1 Lubrication and Properties of Lubricants