Tribe, Race, History: Native Americans in Southern New England, 1780–1880

344 Pages·2011·3.596 MB·English

by  Daniel R. Mandell

Tribe, Race, History
The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science
125th series (2007)
1. a. katie harris, From Muslim to Christian Granada:
Inventing a City’s Past in Early Modern Spain
2. daniel r. mandell, Tribe, Race, History:
Native Americans in Southern New England, 1780–1880
Tribe, Race, History
Native Americans in Southern New England,
1780–1880
daniel r. mandell
The Johns Hopkins University Press
Baltimore
Allrightsreserved.Published2008
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaper
JohnsHopkinsPaperbackedition,2010
2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1
TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress
2715NorthCharlesStreet
Baltimore,Maryland21218-4363
www.press.jhu.edu
TheLibraryofCongresshascataloguedthehardcovereditionofthisbookasfollows:
Mandell,DanielR.,1956–
Tribe,race,history:NativeAmericansinsouthernNewEngland,1780–1880/
DanielR.Mandell.
p. cm.—(TheJohnsHopkinsUniversitystudiesinhistoricalandpoliticalscience)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13:978-0-8018-8694-2(hardcover:alk.paper)
ISBN-10:0-8018-8694-5(hardcover:alk.paper)
1.IndiansofNorthAmerica—NewEngland—History. 2.IndiansofNorth
America—NewEngland—Ethnicidentity. 3.White—RelationswithIndians.
4.Blacks—RelationswithIndians.5.New England—History. 6.NewEngland—
Ethnicrelations. 7.NewEngland—Racerelations. I.Title.
E78.N5M362007
974(cid:2).03—dc22 2007013961
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Specialdiscountsareavailableforbulkpurchasesofthisbook.Formoreinformation,
[e-mail].
ISBN13:978-0-8018-9819-8
ISBN10:0-8018-9819-6
For Barbara, finally
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
List of Illustrations and Tables ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction xvii
1 Land and Labor 1
Tribal Reserves 10
Small Communities 20
Work off the Reservation 27
Indian Reserves as Refuges 35
2 Community and Family 39
Indian Networks in the Early Republic 40
Marriages with “Foreigners & Strangers” 42
Anglo-American Views of Indian Intermarriage 47
Indian Views of Race and Intermarriage 53
Intermarriage and Assimilation 59
3 Authority and Autonomy 70
Guardians Reappointed 72
Mashpee and Gideon Hawley 75
The Standing Order, Class, and Indians 83
Guardians and Tribal Challenges 89
The Mashpee Revolt 96
4 Reform and Renascence 104
Maintaining Institutions 105
Indians, the Society for Propagating the Gospel, and Reforms 109
Indians, State Governments, and Economic Enterprise 117
Renascence and Resistance 133
5 Reality and Imagery 143
Indians at Midcentury 146
Employment and Workways 155
viii contents
Tribal Identity and Politics 167
Images of Indians 173
Local Histories 184
6 Citizenship and Termination 195
Race and Civil Rights 197
Proposing Termination 201
Rejecting Termination 204
Compelling Termination 212
Epilogue 218
List of Abbreviations 231
Notes 235
Essay on Sources 293
Index 313
Illustrations and Tables
maps
Map 1. Indian communities in southern New England, 1780–1880 xvi
Map 2. Mohegan, Eastern Pequot, Mashantucket Pequot,
and Narragansett reserves and environs xxii
illustrations
Figure 1. Hepsibeth Hemenway, ca. 1837 23
Figure 2. Gay Head school, ca. 1860 119
Figure 3. Solomon Attaquin of Mashpee, 1890 122
Figure 4. Melinda Mitchell, “Princess Teeweeleema,” 1878 136
Figure 5. Mercy Ann Nonsuch, Niantic, 1912 144
Figure 6. Henry Harris of Schaghticoke, weaving a basket ca. 1880 154
Figure 7. Indian basket peddlers, 1853 189
Figure 8. Albert Bierstadt, “Last of the Narragansetts”
[Martha Simons], 1859 192
Figure 9. Deacon Simon Johnson of Gay Head, ca. 1860 208
Figure 10. Jane Wamsley of Gay Head, ca. 1860 209
Figure 11. Mary Chappelle of Punkapoag, ca. 1920 226
tables
Table 1.Indians in Southern New England: Population and Land,
1780–1865 4
Table 2.Economic Conditions for Selected Indian Tribes, 1827–1860 14
Table 3.Average and Median Ages by Sex for Massachusetts Tribes,
1823–1860 148
Table 4.Shifting Age Characteristics for Massachusetts Tribes,
1848–1860 150