Triazine Herbicides: Risk Assessment PDF
Preview Triazine Herbicides: Risk Assessment
Triazine Herbicides: g s.or01 Risk Assessment ubs.ac3.fw0 p8 12 | http://k-1998-06 0b er 25, 20.1021/ b1 emoi: Sept8 | d 36 on 4, 199 11 4.y 3a 3.M 16e: 9.at 8D ed by ation dc oabli ownl Pu D In Triazine Herbicides: Risk Assessment; Ballantine, L., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998. g s.or01 ubs.ac3.fw0 p8 12 | http://k-1998-06 0b er 25, 20.1021/ b1 emoi: Sept8 | d 36 on 4, 199 11 4.y 3a 3.M 16e: 9.at 8D ed by ation dc oabli ownl Pu D In Triazine Herbicides: Risk Assessment; Ballantine, L., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 683 Triazine Herbicides: Risk Assessment g s.or01 ubs.ac3.fw0 p8 12 | http://k-1998-06 LarCryo vGa. nBcael lLaanbtoinrea,t oErDieITs,O IRn c. 0b er 25, 20.1021/ b1 Janis E. McFarland, EDITOR emoi: Sept8 | d Novartis Ciba Crop Protection 36 on 4, 199 4.1y 1 Dennis S. Hackett, EDITOR 3a 3.M Novartis Ciba Crop Protection 16e: 9.at 8D ed by ation dc oabli ownl Pu D American Chemical Society, Washington, DC In Triazine Herbicides: Risk Assessment; Ballantine, L., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Triazine herbicides : risk assessment / [edited by] Larry G. Ballantine, Janis E. McFarland, Dennis S. Hackett. p. cm.—(ACS symposium series, ISSN 0097-6156; 683) Outgrowth of a symposium held in March 1996, New Orleans, La. g Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ubs.acs.or3.fw001 I1SB. NTr ia0z-i8n4es1—2-3T5o4x2ic-o2lo gy—Congresses. 2. Triazines—Environmental p8 12 | http://k-1998-06 aHspaIec.ck tesB—tta,l lCDanoetnningnerie,ss sLSeas.r,.r y1 9G50en-e , . 1I9V4.4 A- m.e rIiIca. nM CcFhaermlanicda,l JSaonciise tyE.., V19. 5S6e-ri es.. III. 0b er 25, 20.1021/ 5R7A1.192'5462—.T6d4c22T17 5 1998 98-10369 b1 emoi: CIP Sept8 | d 36 on 4, 199 This book is printed on acid-free, recycled paper. 11 4.y 3a 3.M Copyright © 1998 American Chemical Society 16e: 9.at 8D ded by cation DAlils trRibiguhtetds Rbeys eOrvxefdor.d R Uepnriovgerrsaipthyi cP recsopsy ing beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. oabli Copyright Act is allowed for internal use only, provided that a per-chapter fee of $20.00 plus $0.25 per ownl Pu page is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. D Republication or reproduction for sale of pages in this book is permitted only under license from ACS. Direct these and other permissions requests to ACS Copyright Office, Publications Division, 1155 16th Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20036. The citation of trade names and/or names of manufacturers in this publication is not to be construed as an endorsement or as approval by ACS of the commercial products or services referenced herein; nor should the mere reference herein to any drawing, specification, chemical process, or other data be regarded as a license or as a conveyance of any right or permission to the holder, reader, or any other person or corporation, to manufacture, reproduce, use, or sell any patented invention or copyrighted work that may in any way be related thereto. Registered names, trademarks, etc., used in this publication, even without specific indication thereof, are not to be considered unprotected by law. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA In Triazine Herbicides: Risk Assessment; Ballantine, L., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998. Advisory Board ACS Symposium Series Mary E. Castellion Omkaram Nalamasu ChemEdit Company AT&T Bell Laboratories Arthur B. Ellis Kinam Park g s.or01 University of Wisconsin at Madison Purdue University 012 | http://pubs.acbk-1998-0683.fw0 JAGUernufgfionvrneedrnysaie t yI SN. o.aG ftGi oKenaoaafnrflsgn aLe say b oratory KDTDhuoaektu heDge AlUraiSnnsi evAGe Rrr.so iu.tS ypPm ,o iIrtnthce .r er 25, 20.1021/ NLaabwisrceon cFeoo Pd.s KGlroeumpa nn Martin R. Tant b1 Eastman Chemical Co. emoi: 36 on Sept4, 1998 | d RCUniycinvhetahrsriitday NA o..f L MMoiaessrpoypuarkniy o ff MPariRkceeh-sDeaaearcvl ihDs .P hTaarmyaloceru tical 11 34.ay R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical 3.M Research Institute Leroy Β. Townsend 16e: University of Michigan 9.at 8D ed by ation RUnoigveerrsi tAy. oMf Iilnlineoairs William C. Walker oadblic at Urbana-Champaign DuPont Company ownl Pu D In Triazine Herbicides: Risk Assessment; Ballantine, L., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998. Foreword IHE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was first published in 1974 to provide a mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The pur pose of the series is to publish timely, comprehensive books devel oped from ACS sponsored symposia based on current scientific re search. Occasionally, books are developed from symposia sponsored g s.or01 by other organizations when the topic is of keen interest to the chem ubs.ac3.fw0 istry Bauefdoireen caeg.r eeing to publish a book, the proposed table of contents p8 12 | http://k-1998-06 tifeso rceruessvt ittehowe te hbdeo faooukrd; iaoepnthpcereor.ps S rmioamtaeye a bpneadp aecdrodsme mdp arteyoh ebpnerso ievvxiecd lecuo dcveoedmr aipgnr eeo hradennedsri vtfooe nrb eiesntst.e r 0b er 25, 20.1021/ WDrhaeftns oapf pcrhoapprtieartes, aroev pereveire-rwev ioerw eindt rpordiuocrt otory f incahla pactecresp taanrcee aodrd erde. emboi: 1 jection, and manuscripts are prepared in camera-ready format. Sept8 | d As a rule, only original research papers and original review pa 36 on 4, 199 poeurssly a prueb ilnischleudd epda pienr sth aer ev noolutm acecse.p Vteedr.b atim reproductions of previ 11 4.y 3a 3.M 16e: ACS BOOKS DEPARTMENT 9.at 8D ed by ation dc oabli ownl Pu D In Triazine Herbicides: Risk Assessment; Ballantine, L., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998. Preface AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY in the United States has dramatically in creased over the past 40 years. While one farmer fed only 27 people in 1950, in 1992 one farmer supplied the food for 150 people. The following changes have also taken place: g s.acs.orpr001 • corn yields are up 150% September 25, 2012 | http://pub8 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1998-0683. ccfUnooaeSrnnn DttotrA•• i Avrb ooeluf wtclfhr teoite gohh3.tdtuu eeo5arg iA entrtyho ss peya nragatitohehrda ldsaesi dnpur stsefeosc oi cty n hiiirobhfdna ieawnvic cava e aegsneeett rx rei diynaacb itc tmueeechrellgoeatdpuanyntlssert .ear ha ,mod lTerf lreaha p bmnir ermuinoc yopd eiemr d xureateseotcp estc trhpni hehoawrtan onnt vehoxo, r alief5pemo n0 etg wraa% sii3ptctaeii apdcz0liielyl dnic le eyrbed4osr 0peu u t%ahsossekae a9dvt h4is esr%t o r aeiup anvlgzoai dhiiyfnne settnehe d gttehh raf eaarU orlstb. im Sigchc.onai cd1mivfoe9iepr9sn o 2 n 99 o1 acreage and atrazine was applied to 66% of this acreage. Of the no-till corn 3.34.136 May 14, asucrrveesy psl acnotneddu,c atepdpr obxetiwmeaetenl y1 9839%2-1 a9r9e4 t reesattimeda tewdit ha nat raavzeirnaeg.e A odfd i1ti.o2n aapllpyl,i cUatSioDnAs 16e: of a triazine herbicide per acre of no-till corn. Published data, computer model 9.at 8D simulations, and field studies confirm the agricultural importance of the triaz y n oaded bblicatio cinreeass, eess preacnigalely u ipn t coo gnrseearvtearti othna nti l1la0g ebu s/Ays tewmitsh. atCraozrinne a nvedr ssuosrg ahlutemrna ytivieeld h ienrbi wnl Pu cides. Triazine herbicides have provided efficient, low-cost, effective weed Do control on a high percentage of our nation's corn, sorghum, sugarcane, citrus, grapes and fruit, and nut tree acres. Water stewardship programs initiated recently throughout the United States are showing that site-specific best management practices (BMPs) are effective in improving water quality by reducing runoff of triazines. BMPs have additional advantages in that they reduce runoff of other pesticides, nutrients, and soil into water. Almost since the discovery of triazine herbicides, scientists in industry, academia, and government have studied the toxicology, environmental fate and behavior of triazines and their potential risk. Even with this abundance of in formation, the research directed toward better understanding the triazine herbi cides has greatly intensified in the 1990s. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Novartis Crop Protection (formally Ciba-Geigy Corporation) xi In Triazine Herbicides: Risk Assessment; Ballantine, L., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998. have been drivers in this research effort; the EPA through their initiation of the Special Review process to evaluate the risks and benefits of the triazine herbi cides, and Novartis through internal research and funding of external research to generate state-of-the-art information to best assess potential risks and benefits. The Special Review is initiated with the issuance of Position Document 1 (PD-1) and is a regulatory process providing a mechanism for public participa tion in EPA's deliberations on a pesticide. In this process, studies and other in formation on risks and benefits are evaluated and reviewed, prior to the determi nation of whether a chemical poses any unreasonable adverse effects to humans and the environment. The triazine special review was initiated by EPA in No vember 1994, and since then Novartis and university scientists, as well as agri g cultural specialists, have conducted more than 100 new studies on the safety and s.acs.orpr001 bfoernmefaittiso no ft oa taradzdi ntoe tahned t hsoimusaaznindes . ofT dhoecsue mneenwts sptuudbileiss hperdo tvoi ddeadt ea o wn ethalet ht roiafz iinne ember 25, 2012 | http://puboi: 10.1021/bk-1998-0683. hiidmansneiteoedrr tdba aSteiIuricpnlyotii ie,ndnl aci gedzwoi saedfo.ald in tpt Rei esoraest ngavt iagtitceneori-edw doga e.fn asw-tti,e hmTon erhaae-knilawse dra r t n n acdeentuwo xdmexp noiauwvcdsloiouavrlrtroaoikenvn g cemwyae rneadmisna s ltoskyactdsulso. eed ns-sitdTo euufshda- ceianwtescedseetd ir rodMeebna qy tocau osn eitntrwuxeeddp eduieCr ecerbsatt yes,ra d lloEc sin ofoPo p Amtrcrh opoetfbhlrosleaeereh bc erTiftelniiriversiseleaitdgvlizysc-e Sept8 | d reviewed by independent expert panels. The new toxicology and exposure data n 99 continue to show wide safety margins for the triazines, even when analyzed us o1 163.34.136 e: May 14, hinega lttThhe h segt auAniddCaeSrld isnsy.e ms poof stihuem 1f9r9o6m Fwohoidc hQ tuhaisli tbyo Pokro tweacsti ownr iAttectn ,a nwda st hhee lnde wto EpProA 9.at vide a forum to present and discuss the most recent research on benefits, expo 8D by on sure, toxicity, and corresponding risk-benefit analysis of the triazine herbicides. oaded blicati bAennocthhmera rikm tpoo rhtealnpt coobnjteinctuivalel yw imasp rtoov eu sthe e trhies ke axstseensssimvee nttr iparzoicneed udraetsa bfaosre p easst ia wnl Pu cides. o D Specific topics included in this publication: • role of triazines herbicides in agriculture • benefits of triazine herbicides to the American farmer • triazine herbicides' role in resistance management • metabolism of triazines • dietary and worker exposure to triazines • triazine exposure via water • triazine water issues: regulatory, risk, ecotoxicity, best management practices • mammalian toxicology and probabilistic risk assessment xii In Triazine Herbicides: Risk Assessment; Ballantine, L., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998. A glossary of nomenclature and chemical structures is included at the end of the book chapters. This ACS Symposium Series book is designed to communicate to the sci entific community, the latest and most advanced information on the triazine her bicides. Additionally, numerous chapters describe the new tools developed to assess the benefits and potential risk associated with crop protectants. This volume is an outgrowth of a four-day symposium held under the di rection of the Agrochemicals Division of the ACS in the March 1996, annual meeting held in New Orleans, Louisiana. We have updated the symposium pres entations as appropriate to assure the data and information are current with this publication. The opinions and data interpretations of the contributing authors do not necessarily reflect the position of the editors, the American Chemical Soci g s.acs.orpr001 ety, Covance Laboratories, Inc. or Novartis Crop Protection, Inc ember 25, 2012 | http://puboi: 10.1021/bk-1998-0683. AWbpamseloascanerookn teki nynt aht oh cgcaowke onfan vk lmtteoeh dwtartehhg nl emdeemu de sseascgcyinnoregmiutnp ntssptthr cs oiear bsifn upiotuidttmrosm .rpM es ua W abnstnlo.di edcC iat gehantixiriv oopspen lreyev .rsp notpiWa lseurBecaem ita oairotelhfh n atatfhh nomaoekrnf k mtfMthohsaes ren.ti oryhrS e e oMarsruerp savte.se ictFxeaAtwpainvnredeledroirtn riswmesg eaw af hoenEiofurnlf dos thhcerftoreresi,lrp p mcAteisrnaesd.s ta tpopWtiinrcrveeigee Sept8 | d ate Editor, for maintaining her good humor through the review and edits of each n 99 chapter and her tireless assistance as our focal point to gather, track, and finalize o1 3.34.136 May 14, the book chapters. 16e: LARRY BALLANTINE 89.Dat Covance Laboratories, Inc. y n bo P.O. Box 7545 oaded blicati Madison, WI 53707-7545 wnl Pu o D JANIS MCFARLAND Novartis Crop Protection, Inc. P.O. Box 18300 Greensboro, NC 27419 DENNIS HACKETT Novartis Crop Protection, Inc. P.O. Box 18300 Greensboro, NC 27419 xiii In Triazine Herbicides: Risk Assessment; Ballantine, L., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998.
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