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SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology Vítor João Pereira Domingues Martinho Trends of the Agricultural Sector in Era 4.0 SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology SpringerBriefs present concise summaries of cutting-edge research and practical applicationsacrossawidespectrumoffields.Featuringcompactvolumesof50to 125pages,theseriescoversarangeofcontentfromprofessionaltoacademic. Typicalpublicationscanbe: (cid:129) Atimelyreportofstate-of-theartmethods (cid:129) Anintroductiontooramanualfortheapplicationofmathematicalorcomputer techniques (cid:129) Abridgebetweennewresearchresults,aspublishedinjournalarticles (cid:129) Asnapshotofahotoremergingtopic (cid:129) Anin-depthcasestudy (cid:129) Apresentationofcoreconceptsthatstudentsmustunderstandinordertomake independentcontributions SpringerBriefsarecharacterizedbyfast,globalelectronicdissemination,standard publishingcontracts,standardizedmanuscriptpreparationandformattingguidelines, andexpeditedproductionschedules. On the one hand, SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology are devoted to the publication of fundamentals and applications within the different classical engineering disciplines as well as in interdisciplinary fields that recently emergedbetweentheseareas.Ontheotherhand,astheboundaryseparatingfunda- mental research and applied technology is more and more dissolving, this series is particularly open to trans-disciplinary topics between fundamental science and engineering. IndexedbyEI-Compendex,SCOPUSandSpringerlink. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/8884 Vítor João Pereira Domingues Martinho Trends of the Agricultural Sector in Era 4.0 VítorJoãoPereiraDominguesMartinho AgriculturalSchool(ESAV) andCERNAS-IPVResearchCentre PolytechnicInstituteofViseu(IPV) Viseu,Portugal ISSN 2191-530X ISSN 2191-5318 (electronic) SpringerBriefsinAppliedSciencesandTechnology ISBN 978-3-030-98958-3 ISBN 978-3-030-98959-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98959-0 ©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Acknowledgements ThisworkisfundedbyNationalFundsthroughtheFCT,FoundationforScienceand Technology, I.P., within the scope of the project Refª UIDB/00681/2020. Further- more, we would like to thank the CERNAS Research Centre and the Polytechnic InstituteofViseufortheirsupport. I would also like to thank all those who have contributed in some way to this work. AspecialthankstomywifeLúciaDominguesMartinhoandmytwodaughters InêsDominguesMartinhoandIsabelDominguesMartinho. v About This Book This book is an overview of the impacts on the agricultural sector worldwide of Era 4.0, highlighting dimensions related to Agriculture, Food and Industry (4.0). The main topics discussed are those associated with IoT in the various sectors of the economy and their impacts on the sustainability of the farms. Specifically, the followingdimensionswereaddressed:impactsofEra4.0onagriculturearoundthe world and on different farming activities; relations between Agriculture 4.0, Food 4.0andIndustry4.0andthevariousdimensionsofAgriculture4.0.Thereisadeep concern with the relationship between sustainability and agricultural competitive- ness, where the smart concept is called to contribute. This book can be a relevant contribution,inthesedomains,withinterestinginsightsforpolicymakers,students, researchersandeconomicstakeholders. vii Contents 1 Bibliometric Analysis on Era 4.0: Main Highlights fortheAgriculturalSector ...................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................... 1 1.2 BibliometricAnalysisfortheTopic“Agricultur*4.0” ............ 2 1.2.1 Co-authorship ....................................... 2 1.2.2 Co-occurrence ....................................... 10 1.2.3 Citation ............................................. 11 1.2.4 BibliographicCoupling ............................... 12 1.2.5 Co-citation .......................................... 13 1.3 BibliometricAnalysisfortheTopic“Agricultur*andFood 4.0” ...................................................... 16 1.4 BibliometricAnalysisfortheTopic“Agricultur*andIndustry 4.0” ...................................................... 25 1.5 Conclusions ............................................... 38 References ..................................................... 47 2 Systematic Review of Agriculture and Era 4.0: The Most RelevantInsights ............................................... 49 2.1 Introduction ............................................... 49 2.2 BibliometricAnalysis ....................................... 50 2.2.1 TextData,Co-occurrenceLinksandTermsasItems ....... 50 2.2.2 TheMostCitedDocuments ............................ 52 2.3 SystematicReview ......................................... 55 2.4 Conclusions ............................................... 56 References ..................................................... 61 3 TheEuropeanUnionContextonEra4.0andItsDimensions: RelationshipswiththeAgriculturalSector ........................ 65 3.1 Introduction ............................................... 65 3.2 DataAnalysisfortheDigitalEconomyandSociety ............. 66 3.3 SpatialAutocorrelationAnalysis .............................. 67 ix x Contents 3.4 PanelDataRegressions ...................................... 72 3.5 Conclusions ............................................... 81 References ..................................................... 82 4 Benchmarking the European Union’s Digital Context withThoseofOtherGlobalAgriculturalFrameworks ............. 85 4.1 Introduction ............................................... 85 4.2 DataAnalysis .............................................. 86 4.3 SpatialAutocorrelationAnalysis .............................. 87 4.4 ResultsforMatricesofCorrelation,Factor-ClusterAnalyses andCross-SectionRegressions ............................... 92 4.5 Conclusions ............................................... 93 References ..................................................... 99 5 PotentialImpactsofEra4.0onAgriculturalSustainability ......... 103 5.1 Introduction ............................................... 103 5.2 DataAnalysis .............................................. 104 5.3 Results .................................................... 109 5.4 Conclusions ............................................... 110 References ..................................................... 116 About the Author VítorJoãoPereiraDominguesMartinhoisCoordinatorProfessorwithHabilita- tionatthePolytechnicInstituteofViseu,Portugal,andholdsaPh.D. inEconomics fromtheUniversityofCoimbra,Portugal.HewasPresidentoftheScientificCouncil, President of the Directive Council and President of the Agricultural Polytechnic School of Viseu, Portugal, from 2006 to 2012. He was an Erasmus student in the FacultyofEconomicsfromtheUniversityofVerona,Italy;hasparticipatedinvarious technicalandscientificeventsnationallyandinternationally;haspublishedseveral technicalandscientificpapers;isarefereeofsomescientificandtechnicaljournals andparticipatesintheevaluationofnationalandinternationalprojects. xi