Trends in Fisheries and Aquatic Animal Health

365 Pages·2017·17.96 MB·English

by  Panagiotis Berillis

Trends in Fisheries and Aquatic
Animal Health
Edited by
Panagiotis Berillis
Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural
Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Hellas, Greece
Trends in Fisheries and Aquatic Animal Health
Editor: Panagiotis Berillis
ISBN (Online): 978-1-68108-580-7
ISBN (Print): 978-1-68108-581-4
© 2017, Bentham eBooks imprint.
Published by Bentham Science Publishers – Sharjah, UAE. All Rights Reserved.
First published in 2017.
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................... i
PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................ ii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS .................................................................................................................. iii
CHAPTER 1 FISH AND FISHERIES OF THE EASTERN ADRIATIC SEA IN THE LIGHT
OF CLIMATE CHANGE ....................................................................................................................... 1
Branko Dragičević, Sanja Matić-Skoko and Jakov Dulčić
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE ...................................................................................... 3
CHANGES IN THE ADRIATIC ICHTHYOFAUNA ................................................................ 5
LESSEPSIAN MIGRATION ........................................................................................................ 9
EXPECTED CHANGES IN FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE .......................................... 10
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 16
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. 16
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER 2 BIODIVERSITY STATUS OF AND THREATS TO FRESHWATER FISH OF
CROATIA AND EASTERN ADRIATIC COUNTRIES ..................................................................... 23
Perica Mustafić and Milorad Mrakovčić
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 24
Problems of Conservation ....................................................................................................... 26
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CROATIAN ADRIATIC RIVER SYSTEM ........... 35
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 36
The Following Measures are Proposed ................................................................................... 37
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 38
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. 38
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 38
CHAPTER 3 CHALLENGES FACING MARINE AQUACULTURE IN THE EU-
MEDITERRANEAN ............................................................................................................................... 42
Ivan Katavic
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 43
Global Fish Supply and Demand Indicators ........................................................................... 43
Could Global Increases in Fish Farming Meet the Nutritional Shortfalls? ............................ 45
World Aquaculture Production by Species Groups and by Volume ............................. 45
Aquaculture Production by Region/Countries .............................................................. 46
Aquaculture by Production Systems .............................................................................. 46
Sustainability in Feed Ingredients ................................................................................ 46
International Trading of Aquaculture Products ........................................................... 46
Outlook .......................................................................................................................... 47
MATERIAL AND METHODS ..................................................................................................... 47
Methods and Techniques in Mediterranean Aquaculture ....................................................... 48
Technical Classification of Aquaculture System ........................................................... 49
EUROPEAN UNION SEAFOOD SUPPLY ................................................................................. 51
Why did the EU Aquaculture Sector Fail ? ............................................................................ 54
MEDITERRANEAN AQUACULTURE: CURRENT STATE, CHALLENGES AND
PERSPECTIVES ............................................................................................................................ 55
Current State of Mediterranean Aquaculture .......................................................................... 55
Outlook .......................................................................................................................... 59
Mediterranean Aquaculture Projected by Production Technology ......................................... 60
Challenges Facing Mediterranean Aquaculture ...................................................................... 61
Spatial Planning ............................................................................................................ 61
Croatian Case .......................................................................................................................... 64
Outlook .......................................................................................................................... 66
Fish Nutrition ................................................................................................................ 66
Replacement of Fishmeal and Fish Oil with Crop-Based Ingredients ......................... 68
Consumer Confidence ................................................................................................... 69
Outlook .......................................................................................................................... 70
Fish Health Management .............................................................................................. 71
Standards and Procedures ............................................................................................ 73
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 75
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 77
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. 77
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 77
CHAPTER 4 MEDITERRANEAN FISHERIES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF A NEW
COMMON FISHERIES POLICY (CFP): CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ................... 85
Sanja Matić-Skoko
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 86
REFORMED COMMON FISHERIES POLICY (CFP) ............................................................ 89
IMPLEMENTATION OF REFORMED CFP AND ENFORCEMENT OF NEW RULES IN
THE MEDITERRANEAN FISHERIES ...................................................................................... 92
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 95
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 95
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 95
CHAPTER 5 ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN FISH ....................................................................... 102
Dragana B. Ljubojević
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 102
THE UTILIZATION OF VETERINARY DRUGS IN AQUACULTURE ............................... 103
THE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT ..................................... 106
CO-SELECTION FOR THE RESISTANCE TO THE ANTIBIOTICS .................................. 109
MECHANISM OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN AQUACULTURE ................................ 110
THE LINK BETWEEN THE UTILIZATION OF VETERINARY DRUGS ON THE FISH
FARMS AND THE LEVEL OF RESISTANCE IN THE MICROORGANISMS AND THE
POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH .......................................................................... 111
THE RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS IN FISH PATHOGENIC AND COMMENSAL
MICROORGANISMS ................................................................................................................... 115
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GOOD PRACTICES AND MONITORING PROGRAMS
ON THE FISH FARMS ................................................................................................................. 121
THE PREVENTIVE MEASURES ............................................................................................... 122
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 122
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 123
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. 123
REFFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 123
CHAPTER 6 STRESS AND FISH HEALTH: TOWARDS AN UNDERSTANDING OF
ALLOSTATIC LOAD ............................................................................................................................ 133
Hijran Yavuzcan Yıldız and F. Sertel Seçer
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 133
Concept of Stress .................................................................................................................... 134
Stress Response in Fish ........................................................................................................... 135
Acute and Chronic Stress ........................................................................................................ 137
Stressors .................................................................................................................................. 138
Stress Hormones ..................................................................................................................... 138
Catecholamines ....................................................................................................................... 138
Cortisol .................................................................................................................................... 139
Immune Response of Fish and Stress ..................................................................................... 141
Innate Immunity ............................................................................................................ 142
Adaptive Immunity ........................................................................................................ 142
Allostatis and Diseases ........................................................................................................... 146
CONCLUDING REMARKS ......................................................................................................... 151
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 151
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 151
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 151
CHAPTER 7 FISH HISTOPATHOLOGY AS BIOMARKER IN ECOTOXICOLOGY ............. 155
Božidar Rašković and Vesna Poleksić
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 155
DEFINITION OF THE BIOMARKER ........................................................................................ 157
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR HISTOPATHOLOGY ........................................................... 157
QUANTIFYING ALTERATIONS ............................................................................................... 159
Semi-Quantitative Scoring System ......................................................................................... 159
Histomorphometry .................................................................................................................. 165
Stereology ............................................................................................................................... 167
ULTRASTRUCTURE STUDIES .................................................................................................. 168
HISTOPATHOLOGY IN FIELD STUDIES ............................................................................... 169
CONCLUDING REMARKS ......................................................................................................... 171
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 171
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. 171
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 171
CHAPTER 8 THE EFFECT OF CYANOBACTERIA AND THEIR TOXINS ON FISH ............ 182
Angeles Jos, Ana M. Cameán, Reyhan Akcaalan and Meriç Albay
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 182
Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins ............................................................................................. 182
Effect of Cyanotoxins on Aquatic Organisms ........................................................................ 184
OXIDATIVE STRESS ................................................................................................................... 185
Microcystins ............................................................................................................................ 185
Cylindrospermopsin ................................................................................................................ 194
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS .......................................................................................... 195
Microcystins ............................................................................................................................ 195
Cylindrospermopsin ................................................................................................................ 212
CONCLUDING REMARKS ......................................................................................................... 216
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 217
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 217
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 217
CHAPTER 9 REVIEW ON RAINBOW TROUT DESERT FARMING USING
UNDERGROUND BRACKISH WATER ............................................................................................. 227
Morteza Alizadeh, Shahram Dadgar and Shohre Masaeli
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 227
THE IDEA TO ACTION ............................................................................................................... 229
STOCKING DENSITY .................................................................................................................. 229
PROTEIN AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................... 230
UTILITY IMPROVEMENT IN CULTURAL EARTH PONDS .............................................. 231
Pond Aeration ......................................................................................................................... 232
Reuse of Earth Ponds Wastewater .......................................................................................... 233
Establishing Enclosure Medium (Net Pen) ............................................................................. 234
MATURATION .............................................................................................................................. 234
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 235
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 236
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. 236
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 237
CHAPTER 10 FISHING LANDINGS OF CRUSTACEAN DECAPODS THEIR CULTURE
AND PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASES ....................................................................... 240
Kostas Kapiris
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 240
General Remarks on Crusracea ............................................................................................... 240
Marine Decapod Crustaceans’ Fishery ................................................................................... 241
Crustacean Fishery .................................................................................................................. 242
Crustacean Aquaculture .......................................................................................................... 248
Sustainable Shrimp Aquaculture ............................................................................................. 250
Various Diseases in Decapods’ Culture .................................................................................. 255
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 258
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. 259
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 259
CHAPTER 11 HISTOLOGICAL METHODS TO ASSESS THE EFFECT OF DIET AND A
SINGLE MEAL ON THE LIVER AND INTESTINE OF RAINBOW TROUT: FISHMEAL AND
FISHOIL REPLACEMENT WITH PLANT PROTEIN AND OIL .................................................. 262
Panagiotis Berillis, Sam Martin an(cid:71)Eleni Mente
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 263
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................ 265
THE EFFECT OF THE THREE DIETS ON FISH GROWTH AND IN THE INTESTINAL
HISTOLOGY OF RAINBOW TROUT ....................................................................................... 267
DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 270
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 273
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. 273
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 273
CHAPTER 12 DEVELOPING A METHODOLOGY FOR THE MARICULTURE OF BATH
SPONGES IN LARYMNA GULF, NORTH EVOIC, GREECE ....................................................... 277
Jane Castritsi - Catharios, Constantin Vamvakas, Ιlias Baras andGeorge Ekonomou
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 278
Specifically ............................................................................................................................. 279
MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................... 281
Place of Installation ................................................................................................................. 281
Field Sampling ........................................................................................................................ 281
Sponge Cutting Process .......................................................................................................... 283
Calculation of the Required Number of Implants ................................................................... 284
Checking the sponge robustness ............................................................................................. 285
Cultivation Methods ................................................................................................................ 285
Marine Installations in Ropes (Long-lines) .................................................................. 285
Marine Installations in Frames on the Bottom ............................................................. 285
Onshore Facilities ......................................................................................................... 286
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 287
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 295
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 295
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. 295
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 296
CHAPTER 13 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF BLUE CRAB CALLINECTES SAPIDUS
RATHBUN, 1896 IN THE LAGOON POGONITSA (AMVRAKIKOS GULF, WESTERN
GREECE) ................................................................................................................................................. 299
George N. Katselis and Constantin Koutsikopoulos
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 299
MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................... 301
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 302
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 305
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 305
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 305
CHAPTER 14 CYHV-2 OUTBREAK ASSOCIATED WITH AEROMONAS SPP. IN
CRUCIAN CARP (CARASSIUS CARASSIUS) IN PIEDMONT (ITALY) ..................................... 307
Caruso Claudio, Pastorino P., Prato R., Burioli E.A.V., Peletto S., Righetti M.,
Bona M.C., Foglini C., Acutis P.L., Masoero L. and Prearo M.
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 307
MATERIAL AND METHODS ..................................................................................................... 309
RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................ 310
DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 310
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 312
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 312
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 312
CHAPTER 15 FINDINGS FROM A 16-YEAR MONITORING OF VIRAL NOTIFIABLE
DISEASES IN SALMONID FISH IN PIEDMONT REGION (ITALY) ........................................... 315
Maria Cristina Bona, Arsieni P., Righetti M., Pastorino P., Foglini C., Burioli
E.A.V., Ru G. and Prearo M.
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 315
MATERIAL AND METHODS ..................................................................................................... 317
RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................ 318
DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 321
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 322
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. 322
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 322
CHAPTER 16 THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC LOW LEVEL ZINC (ZN) EXPOSURE ON THE
HEMATOLOGICAL PROFILE OF TENCH, TINCA TINCA L., 1758 .......................................... 324
Mehmet B. Ergönül and Sibel Atasagun
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 324
MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................... 325
RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................ 326
DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 327
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 331
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. 331
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 331