Trends in electromagnetism - from fundamentals to applications

302 Pages·2012·12.066 MB·English

by  Victor Barson, Radu P Lungu

TRENDS IN
ELECTROMAGNETISM –
FROM FUNDAMENTALS
TO APPLICATIONS

Edited by Victor Barsan and Radu P. Lungu
Trends in Electromagnetism – From Fundamentals to Applications
Edited by Victor Barsan and Radu P. Lungu

Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2012 InTech
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First published March, 2012
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Trends in Electromagnetism – From Fundamentals to Applications,
Edited by Victor Barsan and Radu P. Lungu
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0267-0

Contents

Preface IX
Part 1 Fundamentals 1
Chapter 1 Current-Carrying Wires and Special Relativity 3
Paul van Kampen
Chapter 2 Reformulation
of Electromagnetism with Differential Forms 21
Masao Kitano
Chapter 3 Foundations of Electromagnetism,
Equivalence Principles and Cosmic Interactions 45
Wei-Tou Ni
Part 2 Electromagnetism, Thermodynamics
and Quantum Physics 69
Chapter 4 Topological Electromagnetism:
Knots and Quantization Rules 71
Manuel Arrayás, José L. Trueba and Antonio F. Rañada
Chapter 5 Waveguides, Resonant Cavities,
Optical Fibers and Their Quantum Counterparts 89
Victor Barsan
Chapter 6 Thermodynamics of Electric and Magnetic Systems 113
Radu Paul Lungu
Part 3 Numerical Methods in Electromagnetism 153
Chapter 7 Fast Preconditioned Krylov Methods for Boundary
Integral Equations in Electromagnetic Scattering 155
Bruno Carpentieri
Chapter 8 Time Reversal for Electromagnetism:
Applications in Electromagnetic Compatibility 177
Ibrahim El Baba, Sébastien Lalléchère and Pierre Bonnet
VI Contents

Chapter 9 Three-Dimensional Numerical Analyses
on Liquid-Metal Magnetohydrodynamic Flow
Through Circular Pipe in Magnetic-Field Outlet-Region 207
Hiroshige Kumamaru, Kazuhiro Itoh and Yuji Shimogonya
Part 4 Technological and Engineering Applications 223
Chapter 10 Magnetic Refrigeration Technology
at Room Temperature 225
Houssem Rafik El-Hana Bouchekara and Mouaaz Nahas
Chapter 11 Coupled-Line Couplers Based on the Composite
Right/Left-Handed (CRLH) Transmission Lines 251
Masoud Movahhedi and Rasool Keshavarz
Chapter 12 Theory and Applications of Metamaterial Covers 277
Mehdi Veysi, Amir Jafargholi and Manouchehr Kamyab

Preface

A century and a half after the formulation of Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetism is
a domain in spectacular expansion, incorporating continuously the progress in
fundamental and applicative physics, from relativity to materials science, and
responding, in this way, to the challenges of the modern world.
The present book provides 12 review papers on recent developments in
electromagnetism, from fundamentals to electrical engineering. They are grouped in
four sections, as follows.
The first one covers fundamental problems of electromagnetic theory.
In van Kampen’s paper, linear charge and currents distributions make possible to
introduce the main concepts of electromagnetism without use of vector calculus.
Special relativity is invoked to demonstrate that electricity and magnetism are, in a
sense, two different ways of looking at the same phenomenon: in principle, from either
electricity or magnetism and special relativity, the third theory could be derived.
Starting with the standard Maxwell’s equations, Ni’s paper presents the different
types of quantum corrections, and the corresponding equations for nonlinear
electrodynamics.
The electromagnetism in curved spaces and the Einstein equivalence principle,
together with the different experimental results for the cosmic polarization rotation,
are discussed.
In his chapter, Kitano reformulates the electromagnetic theory using differential forms,
by taking into consideration the physical perspective, the unit system (physical
dimensions), and the geometrical aspects. In this way, he provides a unified, clear and
original view of electromagnetism.
The second section is devoted to the interconnections between electromagnetism and
quantum and thermal physics.
The topological model of electromagnetism constructed with electromagnetic knots is
presented in Ranada’s paper. It puts in a new light the classical and quantum aspects
X Preface

of the electromagnetic theory, treats electricity and magnetism symmetrically, and
gives a theoretical explanation for the quantization of the magnetic flux in
superconductors.
As the time-independent wave equations for the classical electric and magnetic field,
and for the wave function for a quantum particle, are similar, an interesting analogy
can be developed between electromagnetic wave propagation in waveguides, ballistic
electron transport in mesoscopic conductors and light propagation in optical fibres.
These issues are addressed in Barsan’s review.
In Lungu’s review, the different types of the thermodynamic potentials of electric and
magnetic systems are rigorously derived, starting from the principles of
thermodynamics and Maxwell equations. From the general expressions of the
potentials, the equations of state and the thermodynamic coefficients are deduced.
Finally, using the results previously obtained, some important thermodynamic
processes are discussed.
The next section puts together three important problems of electromagnetism –
scattering of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic compatibility and liquid metal
flow in strong magnetic fields - treated with numerical methods.
An accurate numerical solution of electromagnetic scattering problems is critically
demanded in the simulation of industrial processes and in the study of wave
propagation phenomena. Modern techniques use the integral equations to reformulate
Maxwell’s equations for electric and magnetic fields on the surface of the object. These
equations are solved in Carpentieri’s contribution, using recent progress in numerical
analysis.
The electromagnetic compatibility, i.e. the need of avoiding undesirable effects of
electromagnetic interference due to the simultaneous functioning of several electric
devices in the same area, is addressed in El Baba’s paper. The backward propagation
of electromagnetic waves, based on the time reversal invariance of the electromagnetic
wave equation, is the starting point of a detailed numerical study of the parasitic
electromagnetic fields, in various geometries and environments.
Exact characterization of the liquid-metal lithium passing through a strong magnetic
field, which is used in order to confine the high-temperature reacting plasma in a
fusion reactor core, is essential for the evaluation of the heat transfer in such a complex
device. A 3D calculation is crucial for the precise evaluation of magneto-hydro-
dynamic flow in the inlet or outlet region of the magnetic field. Such a calculation,
attentively discussed and interpreted, is presented in Kumamuru’s chapter.
The last section is devoted to applicative issues, starting with magnetic refrigeration
technology at room temperature. The ultimate goal of this emerging technology is to
develop a standard refrigerator for home use, using the magnetocaloric effect.
Bouchekara’s chapter describes the magnetic refrigeration technology, from modern