Trends Analysis of Ambient Air Pollutants in Agra City

114 Pages·2017·4.52 MB·English

Indian Journal of Air Pollution Control, Vol XVI, No.2 & Vol XVII, No. 1, September 2016 / March 2017

Trends Analysis of Ambient Air Pollutants in Agra City -2002-2013

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Indian Journal of Air Pollution Control, Vol XVI, No.2 & Vol XVII, No. 1, September 2016 / March 2017

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Indian Journal of Air Pollution Control, Vol XVI, No.2 & Vol XVII, No. 1, September 2016 / March 2017

ISSN 0250-5231

Indian Association for Air Pollution Control

(Delhi Chapter)

C/o Envirotech Instruments Pvt. Ltd., A – 271, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase- 1, New Delhi- 110020

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Dr. B. Sengupta
President
National Vice -President Prof. A. L. Aggarwal
Vice - Presidents Dr. J. S. Sharma
Sh. H. K. Parwana
Dr. J. K. Moitra
Dr. S. K. Jain
General Secretary Sh. S. K. Gupta
Treasurer Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Joint Secretary Dr. D. Saha
Sh. A. Pathak
Executive Member Dr. T. K. Joshi
Dr. S. D. Attri
Dr. Shankar Agarwal
Sh. Rakesh Agarwal
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Indian Journal of Air Pollution Control, Vol XVI, No.2 & Vol XVII, No. 1, September 2016 / March 2017

Dr. P. C. Jha
Dr. M. A. Patil

EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor- in- Chief Dr. S.K. Tyagi
Editors Dr. P.B. Rastogi
Dr. M. P. George

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Indian Journal of Air Pollution Control, Vol XVI, No.2 & Vol XVII, No. 1, September 2016 / March 2017

ISSN 0250-5231

Vol XVI , No.2 & Vol XVII, No. 1, September 2016 / March 2017

Trends Analysis of Ambient Air Pollutants in Agra City -2002-2013

Published by:

INDIAN ASSOCIATION FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(Delhi Chapter)
iii
c/o Envirotech Instruments Pvt. Ltd.

A-271, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi - 110020
E-mail: [email protected] ; Website: www.iaapc.in
Indian Journal of Air Pollution Control, Vol XVI, No.2 & Vol XVII, No. 1, September 2016 / March 2017

Indian Journal of Air Pollution Control
(Vol XVI, No.2 & Vol XVII, No. I, September 2016 / March 2017)
CONTENTS
From the Editor-in-Chief
A Report from the Secretary
Research Papers
1. Trends Analysis of Ambient Air Pollutants in Agra City -2002-2013 08 - 20
Kamal Kumar, V.K.Shukla
1. 2. Site-Specific Variation Study of Particulate Matter with Traffic 2 1 - 36
Kirti Bhandari, Rina Singh , Anuradha Shukla

1. 3. Impact of Trace Gases (Seasonally) and Meteorology on Concentration 37 - 53
of Particulate matter (PM ) in Delhi
2.5
Nikki Choudhary, Atul Dwivedi2,

2. 4. Worsening Of Urban Air Quality: Role of Meteorology and Episodic Events 54 - 60
during Winter Month
Rohit Sharma, Kamna Sachdeva and Anu Rani Sharma
5. Recent Development on the Understanding of Aerosol Nucleation and Growth 61-75
Bighnaraj Sarangi, Deepak Sinha, Prashant Patel, Shankar G. Aggarwal

6. A study on Ambient Air Quality and Non-Attainment Cities in North Zone of India 76-84
Anchal Garg, Tarun Darbari, S.K. Tyagi and N.C. Gupta

7. The Diurnal Trend of Urban Ground Level Ozone during Monsoon, Post-Monsoon & 85-98
Winter Months in Delhi, India
Harveen Kaur, Sushil K. Tyagi

8 Proceedings of Training Workshop on Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and 99-104
Hydrocarbon (HC) : Monitoring and Management, Organised by ONGC in Association
with CPCB and IAAPC (DC) during March 2-3, 2016

9 Recommendations of the Workshop on Requirement, Practices, Gaps and Challenges in Air 105-107
Quality Study for Preparation of EIA Report , Organised by IAAPC (DC) on August 27,
2016

10 Instruction for Authors 108-109
11 Membership Form 110-111

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Indian Journal of Air Pollution Control, Vol XVI, No.2 & Vol XVII, No. 1, September 2016 / March 2017

From the Editor-in-Chief

Delhi is the 11th most polluted city in the world - WHO Report in 2016

Delhi & NCR have high level of air pollution, which remains in very poor or critical level during winter season
due to higher levels of PM , PM most of the time. The Central Pollution Control Board has issued direction to
10 2.5
the 22 Towns of the NCR for necessary action plan to control air pollution in these town. The vehicles are supposed
pre-dominant source of air pollution in cities. Besides vehicles, a wide range of other emission sources exits in
Indian urban areas. Therefore, it is important to carry out the monitoring of molecular markers in ambient air of
important cities intending to find out the major sources to the air borne particulate matter including vehicles, coal
combustion, agriculture residue/ refuse burning etc to provide scientific basis to the policy makers and other
stakeholders, for formulation of appropriate strategies and prioritizing actions for improving air quality in urban
areas.

Elemental and ion analysis show abundance of soil constituents (e.g. Si, Fe, Ca, Na). This clearly suggests that
there could be significant sources of particulate pollution from soil, and road dust. The organic molecular markers
are individual compounds or groups of related compounds (homologous compounds such as n-Alkanes, n-
Alkanoic acids, Hopans and PAHs, which at a molecular level comprise the chemical profile or "fingerprint" for
specific emission source types.

An individual molecular marker or groups of marker compounds is linked quantitatively to major emission sources
of urban fine particles. The markers like hopanes, those indicate gasoline and diesel burning are present in all
cities. Stigmasterol / Sterans indicates presence of Biomass burning & Levoglucosan indicates the presence of
Hardwood & Softwood burning.

Besides, these parameters specific metals/ elements, black carbon (absorption coefficient for black carbon),
Benzene, Toluene, Cyclohexane, Methyl-Cyclohexane (Toluene/ Cyclohexane ratio & other various component
ratios etc) are also used as molecular marker for source apportionment.

In the current issue of Indian Journal of Air Pollution Control, Vol. XVI, 2, 2016 and Vol. XVII, 1, 2017 are
merged in the research section, we present the very first research paper is by Kamal Kumar and V.K.Shukla on
trends analysis of ambient air pollutants in Agra city for criteria pollutants during -2002-2013 . The fine particulate
matter has also shown continuously increasing trend, this may be due to increase in the anthropogenic activities.
There was increasing trend observed in PM at all stations. PM concentration levels exceed the prescribed
10 10
national ambient air quality standards for sensitive areas and found in the critical category (EF :> 1.5).

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Indian Journal of Air Pollution Control, Vol XVI, No.2 & Vol XVII, No. 1, September 2016 / March 2017

The next research paper is on site-specific variation study of particulate matter with traffic by Kirti Bhandari et.
al. The PM data analysis shows highest concentration of coarse particulate of PM with average value of
10
882.71±219.84 μg/m3 followed by fine PM concentrations of PM and PM with average values of 214.34±98.16
2.5 1.0
μg/m3 and 167.24±88.34 μg/m3 respectively. The paper also focuses on the variation of meteorological
characteristics such as wind speed, wind directions, relative humidity and temperature with PM , PM and PM
10 2.5 1.0
concentrations measured near a busy urban road during the same month of study. The next paper is by Nikki
Choudhary and Atul Dwivedi on impact of trace gases (seasonally) and meteorology on concentration of particulate
matter (PM ) in Delhi. The authors observed the concentrations of PM , SO , NO, NO and CO were highest
2.5 2.5 2 2
during the winter season whereas O concentration peaked during summer. The high concentration of PM and
3 2.5
trace gases during the winter season could be attributed to the increased combustion activity and vehicular
emission. The significant positive correlation was observed between PM and CO, NO whereas PM and
2.5 2 2.5
temperature, wind speed was found negatively correlated. The mixing layer ventilation coefficient was calculated,
which ranged from 403m2/s to 5455 m2/s in study area during the festival time have been described in the next
paper is on the worsening of urban air quality: role of meteorology and episodic events during winter months by
Rohit Sharma et.al. The next paper on recent development on the understanding of aerosol nucleation and growth
by Bighnaraj Sarangi et.al is the brief review covering the basic understanding of nucleation and growth process
of atmospheric aerosols, and the recent development on this topic. In a study on ambient air quality and non-
attainment cities in north zone of India by Anchal Garg et.al evaluated those cities in north zone of India which
are exceeding the National Air Quality Standards. This paper on NAC with respect to ambient air quality
monitoring is mainly focused on the north zone of India and analyzes the data of PM , SO , and NO for the year
10 2 2
2011-2013. They found 38 cities to be NAC in case of PM , two cities to be NAC in case of NO with one city as
10 2
NAC for SO .
2

In the next paper on the diurnal trend of urban ground level ozone during monsoon, post-monsoon & winter
months in Delhi, India, Harveen Kaur and Sushil K. Tyagi describe the concentration values and the diurnal
concentration of ozone during the study period. The average range of concentration was found to be between
19.68 ppb to 65.36 ppb.
The next two articles are on the proceedings of training workshop on volatile organic compounds (VOC) and
hydrocarbons (HCs): monitoring and management, organised by ONGC in association with CPCB and IAAPC
(DC) during March 2-3, 2016 and recommendations of the workshop on requirement, practices, gaps and
challenges in air quality study for preparation of EIA report, organised by IAAPC (DC) on August 27, 2016
Indian Association of Air Pollution Control is whole heartedly working for the better air quality for better liveable
environment to the society at large. In this endeavour organizes various conferences for the professionals and
conclaves to create mass awareness, to involve public and increase peoples’ participation in this campaign time to
time. Dr. B. Sengupta, President & Shri S.K. Gupta, Secretary General of the Association needs to be
complimented for their untiring efforts along with dedicated team of executive members of the Association.

We can hope that we shall succeed to abate the air pollution in the coming years, especially with the launch of
various governmental initiatives to curb the urban air pollution and augmenting public transport.

S. K. Tyagi

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Indian Journal of Air Pollution Control, Vol XVI, No.2 & Vol XVII, No. 1, September 2016 / March 2017

Secretary Report

The GBM of IAAPC-DC held on 23rd Sept. 15 reposed faith in the dynamic leadership of Dr. B. Sengupta and
requested him to lead the IAAPC-DC for another two years.
The year started with the Late Prof. Nilay Chaudhury Memorial Lecture delivered by Smt. Maneka Sanjay Gandhi,
former Union Minister of Environment, an Activist and currently Union Minister of Women & Child
Development. She urged the Association to take up Environmental issues with the Govt. persuasively.
IAAPC has been consistently & proactively brain storming the important emerging issues. Whether it was the need
for revision of ambient air quality standards or impacts due to burning of agricultural residues or importance of
monitoring of fine dust, all have become now part of our Indian Air Quality Management Policy. Association is
fully aware that for good health, control of pollution & better environment quality are the key issues and all our
efforts have to be centralised around these. We need to keep an eye on emerging toxic pollutants like VOC’s,
Mercury, Heavy Metals & specially ultrafine particulate (PM1) which are acting as carriers.
Thus Association has finalised an ambitious plan to organise following Workshops & Conferences during the next
two years.
a). Impact, Assessment & control of VOC’s
b). Workshop on development of guidelines for Air Quality study required in EIA report
c). Workshop on Development of Green Belts around Industries in Association with TERI University
d). Workshop on gaps in Monitoring Protocols & Q/A & Q/C in Air Quality Monitoring
e). Workshop on Occupational Exposure on Human Health
f). Review of Govt. Policies for protecting Air Quality
g). Seminar by Eminent Experts
First of the above was very successfully organised in association with ONGC on 3rd & 4th March at Hotel Claridges,
New Delhi. It was very well attended and led to very useful recommendations & guildlines.
Dr. S. K. Tyagi, Editor-in-Chief is making efforts to publish the Journal on time but due to lack of good quality
research papers, it is getting delayed. All are requested to extend their help to him.

S.K. Gupta
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Indian Journal of Air Pollution Control, Vol XVI, No.2 & Vol XVII, No. 1, September 2016 / March 2017

Trends Analysis of Ambient Air Pollutants in Agra City -2002-2013
Kamal Kumar1, V.K. Shukla2
1Scientist-C, Central Pollution Control Board, Agra
2Scientist-D & In-charge, Central Pollution Control Board, Agra
(Email: [email protected])

Abstract
Central Pollution Control Board was initiated the Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) with the establishment
of air monitoring stations to monitor Suspended Particulate Matter, Respirable Particulate Matter, Sulphur-di-oxide
and Nitrogen-di-oxide at specified four locations in Agra city since 2002. In this paper statistical interpretation of
annual average of SPM, PM , SO , NO data of four monitoring stations has been taken for the period of 2002 to
10 2 2
2013(12 years). In general, there has been a slight decreasing trend in concentration of SPM since 2002 in consent
of ambient air at all monitoring stations and there was increasing trend observed in PM at all stations. PM
10 10
concentration levels exceed the prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standards for sensitive areas and found in
the critical category (EF :> 1.5). The annual average concentration of SO and NO remained almost constant during
2 2
the study period at all locations and found within the notified ambient air quality standards except NO at Nunhai
2
Monitoring stations. During 2002-13, SO falls in the low polluted category (EF :< 0.5). The Exceedence Factor of
2
NO during 2002-13 has been found in low to moderate polluted category (EF: 0.5 - 1.0) at all stations except at
2
Nunhai, where it fall in high polluted category (EF: 1.0 - 1.5) in Agra. Upon analysis of the overall annual average
concentration data, it may be seen that the Tajmahal in terms of all monitored parameters remained the least polluted
AAQ monitoring station and Nunhai was the most polluted monitoring station with highest concentrations of
pollutants in Agra. The fraction of fine particulate matter has also shown continuously increasing trend, this may be
due to increase in the anthropogenic activities.

Key Words: Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), PM , PM2.5, Sulphur Di-oxide (SO ), Nitrogen Di-Oxide
10 2
(NO ), Ambient Air Quality Trend Analysis, NRSPM (SPM-PM ), Exceedance Factor.
2 10
1. Introduction
According to World Bank study (2000), the number of premature deaths due to air pollution in India has
increased by almost 30%. (Mahajan S.P., 2009) The physical addition of materials that turns the air impure
or unclean and sources for such undesirable additions to atmosphere are natural and anthropogenic
activities. (Ambasht et al, 2006) There are various sources (mobile & stationery sources) of air pollutants
in the form of solid (particulate matters), gaseous (NO , O , SO etc.) and liquid. (Barthwal R.R., 2002)
2 3 2
There are two different type of air pollution problem in urban areas, one is the release of primary pollutants
(those released directly from sources) and the other is the formation of secondary pollutants (those that are
formed through chemical reaction of the primary pollutants). (Richard W. et al, 2005)
PM10 inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 10 micrometers and smaller; and
PM2.5 are fine inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller.
Particulate matter contains microscopic solids or liquid droplets that are so small that they can be
inhaled and cause serious health problems. Particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter pose the greatest
problems, because they can get deep into your lungs, and some may even get into your bloodstream. Fine
particles (PM2.5) are the main cause of reduced visibility (haze) in parts of the United States, including
many of our treasured national parks and wilderness areas. (EPA 2016) Air borne carbonaceous aerosols
are largest contributor to fine particulates with an aerodynameter smaller than 2.5µm which have been
8