Table Of Content

GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences Hanna Obarska-Pempkowiak Magdalena Gajewska Ewa Wojciechowska Janusz Pempkowiak Treatment Wetlands for Environmental Pollution Control GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences Editor-in-chief Paweł Rowiński Series editors Marek Banaszkiewicz, Warsaw, Poland Janusz Pempkowiak, Sopot, Poland Marek Lewandowski, Warsaw, Poland Marek Sarna, Warsaw, Poland More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8821 Hanna Obarska-Pempkowiak Magdalena Gajewska Ewa Wojciechowska (cid:129) Janusz Pempkowiak Treatment Wetlands for Environmental Pollution Control 123 HannaObarska-Pempkowiak EwaWojciechowska Department of Waterand Wastewater Department of Waterand Wastewater Technology,Faculty of Civil Technology,Faculty of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering andEnvironmental Engineering GdańskUniversity ofTechnology GdańskUniversity ofTechnology Gdańsk Gdańsk Poland Poland Magdalena Gajewska JanuszPempkowiak Department of Waterand Wastewater Department of MarineChemistry Technology,Faculty of Civil andBiochemistry andEnvironmental Engineering Instituteof Oceanology GdańskUniversity ofTechnology Sopot Gdańsk Poland Poland The GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences Book Series is in part a continuation of Monographic Volumes of Publications of the Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, thejournal published since1962(http://pub.igf.edu.pl/index.php). ISSN 2190-5193 ISSN 2190-5207 (electronic) GeoPlanet: Earth andPlanetary Sciences ISBN 978-3-319-13793-3 ISBN 978-3-319-13794-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-13794-0 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014956489 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Waterandwastewatermanagementinurbanized areashasbeenresolved,although sewagesludgecreatedinthecourse ofsewagetreatmentcauses problems.Against this background rural areas, particularly in areas characterized by dispersed dis- tribution of households suffer from the lack of wastewater treatment systems. The problem is aggravated by the increasing use of water due to rising civilization standards.Theproblemhasgrowntoascale thatnodoubtmustberesolved inthe near future. The most serious faults caused by untreated wastewater being dis- charged into the environment is pollution of surface and groundwater, and eutro- phication of water bodies even in the touristically attractive regions. In Europe, a substantial proportion of households in rural areas have the so- called dispersed infrastructure (in Poland 26 % of households are separated from each other by 100 m or more). Construction of a sewerage system in such areas is economically ineffective. Moreover,when constructedthesewerage systems suffer from high operation costs. Also, collecting sewage in septic tanks is unpractical due to odors, costs, and danger,asonpuncturingthesurroundingsoilispolluted.Thesearethereasonswhy on-site systems are gaining in interest. One such method that has been developing in the last four decades is a method based on adapting the natural conditions and treatment processes taking place in marsh ecosystems. Treatment wetlands are engineering facilities that tend to follow these natural conditions but in a more controlledway.Wastewateristreatedwhenflowingthroughthematrixthatconsists of soil-like substrate and roots and rhizomes as well as microorganisms. The main treatment processes including adsorption, filtration, ion exchange, biodegradation, take place in the gravel filtration medium, however, they are supported by plants thatsupplyoxygenanduptakesome minor part ofnitrogen. Thankstotheactivity of hydrophytes and their ability for gas transfer and release of oxygen to the root zone various types of bacteria can exist and conduct the treatment processes. The methodisattractivealsobecauseitfitswellintothenaturaltypeoflandscape.Both wastewater and sewage sludge can be utilized in treatment wetland systems (hydrophyte facilities). These facilities are inexpensive to be constructed and v vi Preface operated. The principles of operation are understandable, in particular to farmers and other inhabitants of rural areas. Experience gained so far clearly shows that facilities composed of a septic tank andtreatmentwetland cantreat wastewater effectivelyintheruralareas. However, the development of hydrophyte systems has led to complex facilities enabling efficient removal of not only organic matter and nutrients, but xenobiotics as well. Treatment wetland systems have been applied with success to purposes as distant from the original application as dewatering and stabilization of sewage sludge, treatment of landfill leachate, treatment of reject waters from sewage sludge pro- cessing, treatment of surface run-off, treatment of industrial water and wastewater, and others. In this book, all these applications are described based on the authors’ own experience and the literature review. The one subject that is not directly related to treatmentisgenerationofhumic-like substances that areproduced inthecourse of treatment of wastewater in treatment wetland systems and traditional plants. Hanna Obarska-Pempkowiak Magdalena Gajewska Ewa Wojciechowska Janusz Pempkowiak Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Characteristics of the Hydrophytes Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3 Types of Treatment Wetlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4 Domestic Wastewater Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.1 Treatment Wetlands Used at the 2nd Stage of Wastewater Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.1.1 SSF Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.2 Hybrid Treatment Wetlands (HTWs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.3 SF Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.4 Treatment Wetland Systems Applied as the 3rd Stage of Wastewater Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.4.1 SSF Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.4.2 SF Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.4.3 Treatment Wetland for Tertiary Wastewater Treatment at Wieżyca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5 The Quality of the Outflow from Conventional WWTPs and Treatment Wetlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.1 Definition of Humic Substances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.2 Humic Substances in Surface Fresh Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.3 Isolation of Humic Substances from Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.4 Methods of Humic Substances Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.5 Experimental. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 vii viii Contents 5.5.1 WWTP Studied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.5.2 Experimental Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.5.3 Results and Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.5.4 The Concentration of Isolated Humic Acids. . . . . . . . . 96 5.5.5 Ultraviolet (UV) and Visible (VIS) Light Absorption Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5.5.6 Infra-red Absorption Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.5.7 Elemental Composition of Analysed Humic Acids . . . . 100 5.6 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 6 Storm Water Treatment in TWs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.1 Situation Before Installation of Hydrophyte Treatment Wetlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 6.2 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 6.3 Surface Water Protection—TW System in Bielkowo for Agricultural Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 6.4 Storm Water Treatment in TWs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 7 Reject Water from Digested Sludge Centrifugation Treatment in HTW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 7.1 The Composition of Raw Wastewater and Reject Water . . . . . . 121 7.2 Estimation of RWC Return Flow Impact on WWTP Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 7.3 Characteristic and Dimensioning of Pilot Plant for RWC Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 7.4 Evaluation of MTW Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 7.4.1 Quality of the Inflow RWC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 7.5 Subsequent Stages Efficiency Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 7.6 Total Efficiency of Pollutants Removal and Quality of Outflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 7.7 The Role of Each Stage of Treatment and Design Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 8 Landfill Leachate Treatment in Treatment Wetlands. . . . . . . . . . . 143 8.1 Characteristics of Leachate from Municipal Landfills . . . . . . . . 143 8.2 Treatment Wetlands for Landfill Leachate Treatment . . . . . . . . 146 8.3 Design Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 8.4 Treatment Mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 8.5 Leachate Toxicity to Hydrophytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 8.6 Treatment Effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Contents ix 9 Dewatering of Sewage Sludge Dewatering in Reed Systems . . . . . . 157 9.1 Facilities in the Northern Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 9.1.1 Location and Construction of Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . 157 9.1.2 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 9.1.3 Results and Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 9.1.4 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 9.2 Facilities in Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 9.3 Experimental Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 9.3.1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 9.3.2 Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168