Treatment of the Obese Patient

338 Pages·2014·5.356 MB·English

by  Robert F. Kushner, Daniel H. Bessesen (eds.)

Treatment of
the Obese Patient
Second Edition
Robert F. Kushner
Daniel H. Bessesen
Editors
123
Treatment of the Obese Patient

Robert F. Kushner (cid:129) Daniel H. Bessesen
Editors
Treatment of the Obese
Patient
Second Edition
Editors
Robert F. Kushner Daniel H. Bessesen
Professor, Department of Medicine Professor of Medicine
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, University of Colorado, School of
and Molecular Medicine Medicine
Northwestern University Feinberg Chief of Endocrinology
School of Medicine Denver Health Medical Center
Chicago , IL , USA Denver , CO , USA
ISBN 978-1-4939-1202-5 ISBN 978-1-4939-1203-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-1203-2
Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014944533
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2007, 2014
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Preface to Se cond Edition
S ince the publication of the fi rst edition of T reatment of the Obese Patient , the
US population prevalence rates for obesity in youth and adults have appeared
to level off but remain unacceptably high, signifying the ongoing challenge of
tackling obesity as a public health problem. Clinically, the recognition of
obesity as a disease by the American Medical Association and other organi-
zations has brought increased focus on the need to provide a range of medical
interventions to advance obesity treatment and prevention. Scientifi cally,
multiple advances have occurred that deepen our understanding of appetite
regulation and the pathophysiology of obesity and its associated complica-
tions. These challenges and progress in knowledge of the complexity of obe-
sity have prompted us to edit a second edition of this book.
C ontinuing what we believe is the practical format of the fi rst edition, we
chose to retain the two major sections for the book: Part I addresses physiol-
ogy and pathophysiology while Part II focuses on clinical management. Part I
has been fully expanded to ten chapters to capture the exciting developments
in the science of obesity. Only two of these chapters, Neuroregulation of body
weight (Chap. 1 ) and Gut hormones and the regulation of body weight (Chap. 3 )
provide updates from the fi rst edition. The other eight chapters are entirely
new and the topics covered were chosen to update readers on the latest
advancements in the fundamental aspects of obesity and its complications.
Chapter 2 reviews the hedonic neural pathway responsible for reward, rein-
forcement, and impulsivity. The critical importance of the perinatal period in
development of obesity is addressed in Chap. 4 . Three new exciting areas of
obesity research that have evolved over that past 5 years, the importance of the
gut microbiome, the role of brown adipose tissue, and the impact of restricted
sleep time, are fully covered in Chaps. 5 , 6 , and 8 , respectively. In Chap. 7 we
turn our attention to the physiological adaptations that occur with weight loss
and make weight maintenance diffi cult for our patients. Finally, the last two
chapters in Part I address two topics that are particularly relevant to the practic-
ing clinician, the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (Chap. 9 )
and the metabolic mechanisms of bariatric surgery (Chap. 1 0 ) .
P art II has been reduced to 11 chapters that cover the most important
aspects of clinical care of the patient with obesity. This section begins with
recent advancements in the epidemiology of obesity (Chap. 1 1) following by
a chapter on the assessment of the obese patient (Chap. 1 2 ). All subsequent
chapters systematically and thoroughly review each component of treatment,
v
vi Preface to Second Edition
beginning with lifestyle management therapies, followed by pharmacotherapy
and bariatric surgery. Behavioral strategies are addressed in Chap. 13 , while
dietary approaches and physical activity are covered in Chaps. 14 and 1 5 ,
respectively. Recent advancements in pharmacotherapy and medications on
the horizon are considered in Chap. 1 6 . Newer surgical approaches and clini-
cal outcomes are discussed in Chap. 17 while management of micronutrient
defi ciencies that occur following bariatric surgery are addressed in Chap. 1 8 .
The last three chapters of the section include treatment of obesity in the pri-
mary care clinic (Chap. 1 9) and the assessment and treatment of the child or
adolescent with obesity (Chaps. 2 0 and 2 1 ).
We hope you will fi nd the second edition of Treatment of the Obese Patient
as useful and informative as the fi rst edition. Whether you are a researcher in
the fi eld or a clinician who cares for overweight and obese patients, this edi-
tion is intended to be a valuable resource to keep you up to date in this rapidly
evolving and exciting area of medicine.
Chicago, IL, USA Robert F. Kushner, M.D.
Denver, CO, USA Daniel H. Bessesen, M.D.
Contents
Part I Physiology and Pathophysiology
1 Neuroregulation of Appetite ......................................................... 3
Ofer Reizes, Stephen C. Benoit, and Deborah J. Clegg
2 Reward, Reinforcement, and Impulsivity in Obesity ................ 23
Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
3 Gut Peptides................................................................................... 37
Tannaz Vakilgilani, Sagen Zac-Varghese,
and Stephen R. Bloom
4 Critical Importance of the Perinatal Period
in the Development of Obesity ..................................................... 57
Peter R. Baker II and Jacob E. Friedman
5 Gut Microbiome and Obesity....................................................... 73
Harry J. Flint, Sylvia H. Duncan, and Petra Louis
6 Browning of Adipose Organ ......................................................... 83
Saverio Cinti
7 Adaptive Responses to Weight Loss ............................................ 97
Michael Rosenbaum and Rudolph L. Leibel
8 Shortened Sleep Time and Obesity ............................................. 113
Plamen D. Penev
9 Obesity and the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic
Fatty Liver Disease ........................................................................ 121
Elisa Fabbrini and Faidon Magkos
10 Mechanisms of Bariatric Surgery ................................................ 137
Alexander D. Miras and Carel W. le Roux
Part II Clinical Management
11 Recent Developments in the Epidemiology of Obesity .............. 151
E. Whitney Evans and Aviva Must
12 Assessment of the Obese Patient .................................................. 167
Daniel H. Bessesen
vii
viii Contents
13 Behavioral Strategies in Weight Management ........................... 189
Jason Lillis and Rena R. Wing
14 Dietary Modifi cation as a Weight Management Strategy ......... 201
Hollie A. Raynor and Shannon M. Looney
15 Physical Activity as a Weight Management Strategy ................ 215
John M. Jakicic and Renee J. Rogers
16 Drugs for Weight Loss and Maintenance:
Present and Future ........................................................................ 225
Magdalena Pasarica and Steven R. Smith
17 Surgical Approaches and Outcome in the Treatment
of the Obese Patients ..................................................................... 247
Bruce M. W olfe, George L. Blackburn,
and Vivian M. Sanchez
18 Managing Micronutrient Defi ciencies in the Bariatric
Surgical Patient ............................................................................. 255
Robert F. Kushner
19 Evaluation and Treatment of Obesity in Primary Care ............ 271
Adam Gilden Tsai, Raymond Carvajal, Patricia S. Hong,
Amber D. Baxley, and Thomas A. Wadden
20 Assessment of the Obese Child or Adolescent ............................ 287
Sarah E. Barlow, Sharonda Alston Taylor,
Elisabeth Hastings, and Beth H. Garland
21 Treatment of the Obese Child or Adolescent .............................. 305
Sonia Caprio and Mary Savoye
Index ....................................................................................................... 323
Contributors
Peter R. Baker II, M.D., F.A.A.P. Section of Clinical Genetics and
Metabolism , Children’s Hospital Colorado , Aurora , CO , USA
Sarah E. Barlow, M.D., M.P.H. Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and
Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s
Hospital , Houston , TX , USA
Amber D. Baxley, B.A. Department of Psychiatry , Center for Weight and
Eating Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
Stephen C. Benoit, Ph.D. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral
Neuroscience, O besity Research Center, University of Cincinnati, C incinnati,
OH , USA
Daniel H. Bessesen, M.D. S chool of Medicine, Denver Health Medical
Center, University of Colorado , Denver , CO 80204 , USA
George L. Blackburn, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S. Department of Surgery ,
Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
Stephen R. Bloom, M.A., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.Path., D.Sc., M.D. Division of
Investigative Science , Imperial College London at Hammersmith Campus ,
London , UK
D epartment of Metabolic Medicine, H ammersmith Hospital, Imperial
College London , London , UK
Sonia Caprio, M.D. Pediatrics , School of Medicine, Yale University , New
Haven , CT , USA
Raymond Carvajal, Psy.D. Department of Psychiatry , Center for Weight
and Eating Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
Saverio Cinti, M.D. Center of Obesity, Experimental and Clinical Medicine,
University of Ancona , Ancona , Italy
Deborah J. Clegg, Ph.D., R.D. Internal Medicine, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
Sylvia H. Duncan, B.Sc., Ph.D. R owett Institute of Nutrition and Health,
University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
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