Treatment of Contaminated Soil: Fundamentals, Analysis, Applications PDF
Preview Treatment of Contaminated Soil: Fundamentals, Analysis, Applications
Treatment of Contaminated Soil Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH Rainer Stegmann • Gerd Brunner • Wolfgang Calmano • Gerhard Matz (Eds.) Treatment of Contaminated Soil Fundamentals, Analysis, Applications With 278 Figures and 83 Tables 'Springer EDITORS: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Stegmann Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerd Brunner TU Hamburg-Harburg TU Hamburg-Harburg Arbeitsbereich Abfallwirtschaft Arbeitsbereich Verfahrenstechnik II Harburger SchloBstraBe 36 EiBendorferstraBe 38 21071 Hamburg 21073 Hamburg Germany Germany Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Calmano Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Matz TU Hamburg-Harburg TU Hamburg-Harburg Arbeitsbereich Umweltschutz Arbeitsbereich Elektrotechnik I technik Harburger SchloBstraBe 20 EiBendorferstraBe 40 21071 Hamburg 21073 Hamburg Germany Germany ISBN 978-3-642-07510-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek -CIP Einheitsaufnahme Treatment of contaminated soil: fundamentals, analysis, applications I ed.: Rainer Stegmann ... - ISBN 978-3-642-07510-0 ISBN 978-3-662-04643-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-04643-2 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitations, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. http://www.springer.de © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 200 I The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free general use. Cover Design: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg Typesetting: Camera-ready by the editors SPIN: 10892093 30/3111 - 5 4 3 2 1 - Printed on acid free paper Contents Introduction 1 Introduction R. Stegmann....................................................................................................... 3 Fundamental Aspects 2 Hazardous Waste Contaminated Sites and Soil Awareness Some Social Observations H. W Thoenes ..................................................................................................... 11 3 Do Contaminated Soils Have to Be Decontaminated? G. Miehlich ........................................................................................................ 15 4 An Overview of Soil and Sediment Treatment Research in the Netherlands W Rulkens ......................................................................................................... 21 Chemical Analysis of Contaminated Soils 5 How Much Analytical Work Do We Need? H. Steinhart, T Kiicker, S. Meyer, G. Biernoth ................................................. 3 7 6 Methods for the Determination of Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons in Soil Mate rials for the Evaluation of Remediation Measures J Bundt ..............................................................................................................4 9 7 Determination ofthe TPH- and PAH-Content of Mineral Oil Contaminated Soils by Thin-Layer Chromatography C. Reimers ......................................................................................................... 63 8 Solid State NMR Spectroscopy Using 13C-Labelled PAH E. TK.Haupt, T Kiicker, H. Steinhart ................................................................ 83 VI Contents 9 Syntheses of 13C-Labelled Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds C. Garms, W Francke ....................................................................................... 95 10 Field Analytical Techniques for the Analysis of Contaminated Soil G. Matz, W Schroder ........................................................................................ 133 Ecotoxicological Assessment of Soils 11 Advances in Biological Assessment of Chemical-Impacted Soils W Ah/f, W Fruh/ing, H. Neumann-Hensel ....................................................... 151 12 Ecotoxicological Assessment of Soils-Bioavailability from an Ecotoxi cological Point of View W Kordel, K. Hund-Rinke ................................................................................. 161 Bioremediation 13 Bioavailability-the Key Factor of Soil Bioremediation B. Mahro, R. Muller, V. Kasche ......................................................................... 181 14 Bioavailability of Organic Compounds Sequestered in Soils M Alexander ..................................................................................................... 197 15 Bacterial Strategies to Improve the Bioavailability of Hydrophobic Or ganic Pollutants L. Y. Wick, D. Springael, H. Harms ..................................................................... 203 16 Formation of Residues of Organic Pollutants Within the Soil Matrix - Mechanisms and Stability M Kastner, H.H. Richnow. ................................................................................ 219 17 The Significance of Bound Residues in the Bioremediation Process of PA H Contaminated Sites E. Annweiler, H.H. Richnow, W Michaelis ...................................................... 253 18 Humification of PAH and TNT During Bioremediation- Evaluation of Long Term Risk and Sustainability A. Eschenbach, H. Mescher, R. Wienberg, B. Mahro ........................................ 2 71 Contents VII 19 Humification as a Remediation Strategy for TNT Contaminations: Applications and Limitations R. Winterberg. ...................................................................................................... 293 20 Strategies to Improve PAH Bioavailability: Addition of Surfactants, Ozonation and Application of Ultrasound A. Tiehm ............................................................................................................. 299 21 Bioaugmentation: Advantages and Problems Using Micro Organisms with Special Abilities in Soil Decontamination R. Muller, B. Mahro ........................................................................................... 325 22 Optimisation of Microbial Soil Treatment C. Hupe, M Koning, J.-C. Liith, J. Heerenk/age, R. Stegmann ......................... 343 23 Carbon Balance and Modelling of Oil Degradation in Soil Bioreactors S. Lotter, J. Heerenklage, R. Stegmann ............................................................. 355 24 Degradation ofXenobiotics at Elevated Temperatures H Feitkenhauer, S. Hebenbrock, U. Deppe, H Mark/, G. Antranikian ............ 365 25 Influence of Oil-Contamination on N-Mineralisation in Soils A. Kiehne, G. Mieh/ich, A. Grongroft ................................................................ 385 26 Development and Application of an Oxygen-Controlled High-Pressure Aeration System for the Treatment of TPH-Contaminated Soils in High Bio piles (a Case Study) M Koning, I. Cohrs, R. Stegmann ..................................................................... 399 Physical Treatment 27 Remediation of Soils by Washing Processes-an Historical Overview M Wilichowski .................................................................................................. 417 28 Ways to Improve the Efficiency of Soil Washing J. Werther, 0. Malerius, J. Schmidt ................................................................... 435 29 New Developments in Soil Washing Technology Th. Neej3e ........................................................................................................... 461 30 Clean-Up and Assessment of Metal Contaminated Soils W. Calmano, S. Mangold, H Stichnothe, J. Thoming. ....................................... 471 31 Supercritical Water and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for Cleaning of Soil Material G. Brunner, B. Misch, A. Firus, K. Nowak ........................................................ 491 VIII Contents 32 Application of the Physical-Chemical Desorption Technology for Soil Decontamination B. Niemeyer ....................................................................................................... 519 33 Elimination of Hazardous Components from Fine-Grained Particles and Sludges by the Application of the Steam Stripping Process J. Hahne, B. Niemeyer ....................................................................................... 531 34 Degradation of Chlorinated Arenes by Electroreduction J. Voss, M Altrogge, D. Golinske, 0. Kranz, D. Niinnecke, D. Petersen, E. Waller ............................................................................................................ 547 Natural Attenuation 35 Natural Attenuation-Non-Destructive Processes U. Forstner, J. Gerth ......................................................................................... 567 36 Natural Attenuation as an Approach to Remediation of Groundwater Pol lution at Landfills T. H. Christensen, P.L. Bjerg, P. Kjeldsen ........................................................ 587 37 Natural Attenuation oflnorganic Pollutants-A Critical View J. Gerth, F. Dankwarth, U. Forstner ................................................................. 603 Appendix 38 Determination of Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons by Means of Thin-Layer Chromatography - Analytical Directions C. Reimers ......................................................................................................... 617 39 Determination of the PAH-Content in Soils by HPTLC -Analytical Di rections C. Reimers ......................................................................................................... 623 40 Determination of the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Content in Soils by Gas- Chromatography C. Reimers ......................................................................................................... 629 41 Application of Test Systems for a Balance-Based Examination of Biodeg radation of Contaminants in Soil K. Hupe ,M Koning, J.-C. Liith, I. Cohrs, J. Heerenklage, R. Stegmann .......... 637 42 Electroreduction J. Voss, M Altrogge, D. Go/inske, 0. Kranz, D. Niinnecke, D. Petersen, E. Waller ............................................................................................................ 651 List of Contributors Alexander, M., Prof. Em. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Institute of Comparative and Envi ronmental Toxicology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA Ahlf, W., Dr. habil. * Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Technical University ofHamburg-Harburg EissendorferstraBe 40, 21073 Hamburg, Germany Altrogge, M., Dr. Institute of Organic Chemistry, University ofHamburg Martin-Luther-King-Piatz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany Annweiler, E., Dr. * Institute ofBiogeochemistry and Marine Chemistry, University of Hamburg BundesstraBe 55,20146 Hamburg Germany Antranikian, G., Prof. Dr.* Institute of Technical Microbiology, Technical University ofHamburg-Harburg DenickestraBe 15,21073 Hamburg, Germany Biemoth, G., Dr. Institute of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany Bjerg, P.L., Associate Professor, Ph.D. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Groundwater Research Centre, Building 115, Technical University ofDenmark DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark Brunner, G., Prof. Dr.-Ing. * Department of Thermal Process Engineering, Technical University ofHamburg-Harburg EissendorferstraBe 38,21073 Hamburg, Germany X List of Contributors * Bundt, J., Dr. Chemical Laboratory LUbeck GmbH HochofenstraBe 23-25, 2356 I LUbeck, Germany * Calmano, W., Prof. Dr.-lng. Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Technical University ofHamburg-Harburg EissendorferstraBe 40, 21073 Hamburg, Germany Christensen, T.H., Prof. Dr. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Groundwater Research Centre, Building I 15, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark Cohrs, 1., Dipl.-Ing. * Department of Waste Management, Technical University ofHamburg-Harburg Harburger Schlo~stra~e 3 7, 21079 Hamburg Dankwarth, F., Dipl.-Min. * Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Technical University ofHamburg-Harburg Eissendorferstra~e 40, 21073 Hamburg, Germany Deppe, U., Dip!. Bioi. * Institute of Technical Microbiology Technical University ofHamburg-Harburg DenickestraBe 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany Eschenbach, A., Dr. * Institute for Physical and Chemical Analysis, GKSS National Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany * Feitkenhauer, H., Dr.-Ing. Institute of Bioprocess and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg DenickestraBe 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany * Firus, A., Dr.-Ing. Bayer AG, ZT-TE 51368 Leverkusen, Germany * Forstner, U., Prof. Dr. Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Technical University ofHamburg-Harburg Eissendorferstra~e 40, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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