Treatment of Cancer (A Hodder Arnold Publication) - 5th edition PDF
Preview Treatment of Cancer (A Hodder Arnold Publication) - 5th edition
Treatment of Cancer Fifth Edition Edited by Pat Price MA MD FRCP FRCR Professor of Radiation Oncology Academic Department of Radiation Oncology School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences Christie Hospital and University of Manchester Manchester, UK Karol Sikora MB PhD FRCP MRCR Medical Director Cancer Partners UK and Visiting Professor of Cancer Medicine Imperial College Hammersmith Hospital London, UK Tim Illidge BSc PhD MRCP FRCR Professor of Targeted Therapy and Oncology School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences Christie Hospital and University of Manchester Manchester, UK PART OF HACHETTE LIVRE UK First published in Great Britain in 1982 by Chapman & Hall This second edition published in 2008 by Hodder Arnold, an imprint of Hodder Education, part of Hachette Livre UK, 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH http://www.hoddereducation.com © 2008 Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form, or by any means with prior permission in writing of the publishers or in the case of reprographic production in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. In the United Kingdom such licences are issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency: Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Whilst the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. In particular (but without limiting the generality of the preceding disclaimer) every effort has been made to check drug dosages; however it is still possible that errors have been missed. Furthermore, dosage schedules are constantly being revised and new side-effects recognized. For these reasons the reader is strongly urged to consult the drug companies’ printed instructions before administering any of the drugs recommended in this book. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN-13 978 0 340 912218 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Commissioning Editor: Gavin Jamieson Project Editor: Francesca Naish Production Controller: Andre Sim Cover Designer: Helen Townson Typeset in 10/12 pt Minion by Charon Tec Ltd (A Macmillan Company) Chennai, India Printed in India What do you think about this book? Or any other Hodder Arnold title? Please visit our website:www.hoddereducation.com Contents Colour plates appear between pages 728 and 729 Contributors vi Foreword xiv Preface xv List of abbreviations used xvi Evidence scoring xxiii Reference annotation xxiii PART ONE: PRINCIPLES 1 1 Introduction 3 Karol Sikora 2 Molecular Biology 23 Hani Gabra, Euan Stronach, Rohini Sharma 3 Clinical radiobiology 40 Michele I Saunders, Stanley Dische 4 Mathematical modelling and its application in oncology 58 Roger G Dale, Bleddyn Jones 5 Principles of chemotherapy and drug development 75 Jeffry Evans, Meenali M Chitnis, Denis C Talbot 6 Tumour imaging in oncology 112 Anju Sahdev, Rodney H Reznek 7 Interventional radiology 146 Tarun Sabharwal, Anne P Hemingway, Andreas Adam 8 Vaccination strategies for malignant diseases 167 Deepak P Assudani, Stephanie McArdle, Murrium Ahmad, Geng Li, Robert C Rees, Selman A Ali 9 Biological therapies: cytokines and adoptive cell therapy 186 Fiona C Thistlethwaite, Peter L Stern, Robert E Hawkins 10 Radioimmunotherapy 203 Tim Illidge, Mike Bayne 11 Monoclonal antibodies and treatment of cancer 226 Hossein Borghaei, Liat Binyamin, Igor Astsaturov, Louis M Weiner 12 Angiogenesis as a target for the treatment of cancer 251 Srinivasan Madhusudan, Daniel Patterson, Adrian L Harris 13 Gene therapy 269 Kate Relph, Kevin Harrington, Hardev S Pandha PART TWO: PRACTICE 285 14 Central nervous system 287 Roy Rampling iv Contents 15 Ocular and adnexal tumours 320 John L Hungerford, P Nicholas Plowman 16 Head and neck cancer 343 Alastair J Munro, Nicholas D Stafford 17 Thyroid 408 Masud Haq, Clive Harmer 18 Endocrine cancer 438 Maria Gueorguiev, Ashley B Grossman, P Nicholas Plowman 19 Breast cancer 468 Navita Somaiah, John Yarnold 20 Bronchus 502 Vanessa A Potter, Nicholas Thatcher, Penella J Woll 21 Oesophageal cancer 539 David B Smith, Brian J Haylock 22 Liver 559 Daniel H Palmer, Philip J Johnson, 23 Pancreas 573 Patrick G Johnston, Martin M Eatock 24 Biliary tract 585 Hemant M Kocher, Ajit T Abraham, Satya Bhattacharya 25 Stomach 602 Marianne C Nicolson, Kenneth GMPark, Leslie M Samuel 26 Bladder cancer 614 Robert Huddart, Paula Wells, Alan Horwich 27 Prostate cancer 645 Malcolm Mason 28 Colorectal cancer 666 Richard HJ Begent, Astrid Mayer, Christopher H Collis, Russell N Moule 29 Anus 695 Bernard J Cummings 30 Germ-cell cancers of the testis and related neoplasms 706 Graham M Mead 31 Renal cell cancer 729 Tom R Geldart 32 Ovary and fallopian tubes 748 Daniela D Rosa, Andrew R Clamp, Gordon C Jayson 33 Uterus 764 Bleddyn Jones 34 Cervix 777 Peter Blake 35 Carcinoma of the vagina and vulva 796 Sadaf Ghaem-Maghami, W Pat Soutter 36 Gestational trophoblastic tumours 809 Peter Schmid, Michael J Seckl 37 Non-melanoma skin cancer 835 Stephen L Morris, Sean Whittaker, Margaret Spittle 38 Malignant melanoma 879 Susana Banerjee, Martin Gore 39 Bone 905 Jeremy S Whelan, Rob C Pollock, Anna M Cassoni 40 Soft tissue sarcomas 925 Thomas F DeLaney, Andrew E Rosenberg, David C Harmon, Frances J Hornicek, Sam Yoon, David G Kirsch, Henry J Mankin, Daniel Rosenthal 41 Leukaemias 981 Tariq I Mughal, John M Goldman 42 Hodgkin’s lymphoma 1027 Beate Klimm, Andreas Engert Contents v 43 Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 1045 Adrian J C Bloor, David C Linch 44 Multiple myeloma 1073 Jennifer M Bird, Cathy Williams 45 Introduction to haematopoietic stem cell transplantation 1098 Effie Liakopoulou, David I Marks 46 Paediatric oncology 1118 Stephen Lowis, Eddy Estlin, Keith Sibson, 47 AIDS-related malignancy 1167 Mark Bower, Tom Newsom-Davis PART THREE: MANAGEMENT 1187 48 Medical care 1189 Clare E Green, Richard H J Begent 49 Interstitial brachytherapy 1210 J Roger Owen, David Bottomley 50 Principles of external beam radiotherapy planning techniques 1233 Stephen L Morris, H Jane Dobbs, 51 Conformal radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy and image-guided radiotherapy 1254 Vincent Khoo 52 Concomitant chemo-radiotherapy principles and management 1280 Syed A Hussain, Anjali Zarkar, Nicholas D James 53 Palliative care 1290 Anne Naysmith, Karol Sikora 54 Communications with the cancer patient 1305 Justin Stebbing, Maurice L Slevin 55 Clinical cancer genetics 1318 Lisa J Walker, Ros A Eeles 56 Large-scale randomized evidence: trials and overviews 1338 Richard Gray, Rory Collins, Richard Peto, Keith Wheatley 57 The economics of cancer care 1352 Nick Bosanquet 58 Medical audit 1365 Amit K Bahl, Gareth J G Rees, 59 The organisation of cancer services: a UK perspective 1377 Ian Kunkler 60 New drug development 1407 George Blackledge 61 Late effects of cancer therapy 1415 Susan E Davidson 62 Surgical oncology 1423 David Merrilees, David Neal 63 Cancer prevention strategies 1433 William P Steward, Andreas Gescher Index 1445 Contributors Ajit T Abraham MS MA FRCS Mike Bayne BSc MBChB MRCP FRCP DM Consultant Surgeon Consultant Clinical Oncologist Hepato-biliary and Pancreatic Surgery Unit Dorset Cancer Centre, Poole The Royal London Hospital Dorset, UK London, UK Andy Adam MBBS(Hons) FRCP FRCS FRCR FFRRCSI (Hon) Richard H J Begent MD FRCP FRCR FMedSci Professor of Interventional Radiology Department of Oncology Department of Radiology Royal Free and University College St Thomas’ Hospital Medical School King’s College London University College London London, UK London, UK Murrium Ahmad BSc MSc PhD Post-Doctoral Research Fellow/ Satya Bhattacharya MS MPhil FRCS Research Project Manager Consultant Hepato-biliary Surgeon School of Science and Technology Hepato-biliary and Pancreatic Surgery Unit Nottingham Trent University The Royal London Hospital Nottingham, UK London, UK Selman A Ali PhD BVM&S Senior Lecturer Liat Binyamin PhD Postdoc Associate School of Science and Technology Fox Chase Cancer Centre Nottingham Trent University Philadelphia, USA Nottingham, UK Deepak Assudani MBBS MSc PhD Jennifer M Bird MD FRCP FRCPaTH Post-Doctoral Research Fellow Avon Haematology Unit Moffitt Cancer Centre and Research Institute Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre Florida, USA Bristol, UK Igor Astsaturov Fox Chase Cancer Centre Peter Blake MD FRCR Philadelphia, USA Consultant Clinical Oncologist Amit K Bahl MD MRCP FRCR FFR RCSI The Royal Marsden Hospital Consultant in Clinical Oncology London, UK Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre Bristol, UK George Blackledge MB MD PhD FRCP Hospira UK Ltd Susana Banerjee MA MBBS MRCP Warwickshire, UK Clinical Fellow The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre at the Adrian J C Bloor PhD MRCP MRCPath Institute of Cancer Research Consultant Haematologist Chester Beatty Laboratories Christie Hospital London, UK Manchester, UK Contributors vii Hossein Borghaei DO MS Susan E Davidson MD FRCR FRCP(Glas) BW Medical Oncology Consultant and Honorary Senior Lecturer in Clinical Oncology Fox Chase Cancer Centre Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Philadelphia, USA Manchester, UK Nick Bosanquet BA Msc Thomas F DeLaney MD Professor of Health Policy Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology Imperial College Harvard Medical School London, UK Associate Radiation Oncologist Department of Radiation Oncology David Bottomley MBBS MRCP FRCR Medical Director Consultant Clinical Oncologist Francis H Burr Proton Therapy Center Cookridge Hospital Massachusetts General Hospital Leeds, UK Boston, USA Mark Bower PhD FRCP FRCPath Consultant Medical Oncologist Stanley Dische MD FRCR FACR Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Marie Curie Research Wing London, UK Centre for Cancer Treatment Mount Vernon Hospital Anna M Cassoni BScFRCR FRCP Middlesex, UK Consultant Clinical Oncologist University College Hospital H Jane Dobbs MA FRCP FRCR London, UK Consultant in Clinical Oncology Department of Clinical Oncology Meenali M Chitnis BmedSci MBBS MRCP Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust Specialist Registrar in Medical Oncology London, UK Churchill Hospital Oxford, UK Martin M Eatock MbChB FRCP(Lond) FRCP(Glasg) Consultant/Honorary Senior Lecturer in Medical Oncology Andrew R Clamp MRCP PhD Northern Ireland Cancer Centre Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant in Medical Oncology Belfast City Hospital Cancer Research UK Belfast, UK Department of Medical Oncology Christie Hospital Ros A Eeles MA MRCP FRCP PhD Manchester, UK Translational Cancer Genetics Team Institute of Cancer Research and Cancer Genetics Unit Rory Collins FRCP FMedSci Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Co-director, Clinical Trial Service Unit (CTSU) Sutton and London, UK University of Oxford Oxford, UK Andreas Engert MD Christopher H Collis MB BChir Professor for Internal Medicine Hematology and Oncology Clinical Oncologist University Hospital of Cologne Royal Free and University Department of Internal Medicine I College Medical School Cologne, Germany London, UK Bernard J Cummings MBChB FRCPC FRCR FRANZCR Eddy Estlin BSc(Hons) PhD MRCP(UK) FRCPH Department of Radiation Oncology Macmillan Consultant in Paediatric Oncology Princess Margaret Hospital Department of Paediatric Oncology University of Toronto Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital Toronto Manchester, UK Ontario, Canada Jeffry Evans MBBS MD MRCP(UK) FRCP(Glasgow) FRCP(London) Roger G Dale MSc PhD FlnstP FIPEM FRCR (Hon) Professor of Translational Cancer Research Director Department of Radiation Physics and Radiobiology University of Glasgow Professor of Cancer Radiobiology Honorary Consultant Medical Oncologist Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre Faculty of Medicine Honorary Group Leader Imperial College Beatson Institute for Cancer Research London, UK Glasgow, UK viii Contributors Hani Gabra PhD FRCPE FRCP Masud Haq BSc MRCP MD Professor of Medical Oncology Locum Consultant in Diabetes & Endocrinology Ovarian Cancer Action Research Unit and Chelsea & Westminster Section of Molecular Therapeutics Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Department of Oncology, Imperial College London, UK London, UK Tom R Geldart BSc MBBS MRCP DM Clive Harmer FRCP FRCR Consultant in Medical Oncology Consultant Oncologist Poole and Royal Bournemouth Former Head of the Thyroid Unit Hospital NHS Tusts Royal Marsden Hospital Dorset, UK London, UK Andreas Gescher BSc PhD DSc Professor of Biochemical Toxicology David C Harmon MD Leicester Royal Infirmary Massachusetts General Hospital Leicester, UK Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology Boston, USA Sadaf Ghaem-Maghami PhD MRCOG Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant in Gynaecological Oncology Kevin Harrington FRCP FRCR The Institute of Cancer Research Imperial College Faculty of Medicine Royal Marsden Hospital Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproduction London, UK and Anaesthetics Department of Reproductive Biology Hammersmith Hospitals Trust Adrian L Harris BSc Hons MB ChB MA DPhil FRCP London, UK Director Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories John M Goldman DM FRCPath Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine Hematology Branch, John Radcliffe Hospital National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Oxford, UK National Institutes of Health Bethesda, USA Robert E Hawkins MBBS PhD FRCP Martin Gore PhD FRCP Professor and Director of Medical Oncology Professor of Cancer Medicine Cancer Research UK Department of The Royal Marsden Hospital Medical Oncology London, UK Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University of Manchester Richard Gray MA MSc Manchester, UK Professor of Medical Statistics Director, Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit Robert Aitken Institute Brian J Haylock BSc Hons Pharm MB MRCP DRCOG FRCR FRCP(C) University of Birmingham Consultant Clinical Oncologist Birmingham, UK Clatterbridge Centre for Oncology Bebington Clare E Green Bsc MRCP MBBS Wirral, UK Department of Oncology Southampton General Hospital Southampton, UK Anne P Hemingway BSc MBBS MCRP FRCR FRCP Department of Diagnostic Radiology Ashley B Grossman BA BSc MD FRCP FMedSci Hammersmith Hospital Department of Endocrinology Imperial College NHS Trust St Bartholomew’s Hospital London, UK London, UK Maria Gueorguiev MD Francis Hornicek MD PhD Department of Endocrinology Department of Orthopedics St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Massachusetts General Hospital London, UK Boston, USA Contributors ix Alan Horwich PhD MRCP FRCR Bleddyn Jones MA MSc MD FRCP FRCR med FIPEM FBIR Professor of Radiotherapy Consultant in Oncology and Academic Radiotherapy Unit Applied Radiobiology The Institute of Cancer Research University Hospital Birmingham The Royal Marsden Hospital Birmingham, UK Surrey, UK Vincent Khoo MBBS FRACR FRCR MD Robert Huddart PhD MRCP FRCR Consultant & Honorary Senior Lecturer in Clinical Oncology Reader in Urological Oncology Royal Marsden Hospital Academic Radiotherapy Unit London, UK The Institute of Cancer Research The Royal Marsden Hospital David G Kirsch MD PhD Surrey, UK Department of Radiation Oncology Duke University Medical Center John L Hungerford North Carolina, USA Ocular Oncology Service Department of Ophthalmology St Bartholomew’s Hospital Beate Klimm, MD London, UK Department I of Internal Medicine University Hospital Cologne Syed Hussain Cologne, Germany Clinical Lecturer in Oncology Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies Hemant M Kocher MS MD FRCS University Hospital Birmingham Department of Health National Birmingham, UK Clinician Scientist Senior Lecturer and Hon Consultant Surgeon Tim Illidge BSc PhD MRCP FRCR Tumour Biology Laboratory Professor of Targeted Therapy and Oncology Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences Barts and The London School of Christie Hospital and University of Manchester Medicine and Dentistry Manchester, UK London, UK Nicholas D James SSc MBBS FRCP FRCR PhD Professor of Clinical Oncology Ian Kunkler MA MBBChir DMRT FRCR FRCPE FRSA Consultant Clinical Oncologist Cancer Research UK Institute for Edinburgh Cancer Centre Cancer Studies Western General Hospital University of Birmingham University of Edinburgh Birmingham, UK Edinburgh, UK Gordon C Jayson FRCP PhD Professor of Medical Oncology Geng Li, MBBS, MSc, PhD Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology Senior Clinical Scientist Christie Hospital Central Labs Manchester, UK Alconbury Cambridgeshire, UK Philip J Johnson MD FRCP Clinical Head Effie Liakopoulou Professor of Oncology Consultant in Haematology and Director, Clinical Trials Unit Stem Cell Transplantation Institute of Cancer Studies Christie Hospital NHS Trust The University of Birmingham Honorary Senior Lecturer in Cancer Studies Birmingham, UK University of Manchester Manchester, UK Patrick Johnston Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology David C Linch FRCP FRCPath FMedSci Queen’s University Belfast Professor of Haematology University Floor Royal Free and University College Belfast City Hospital Medical School Belfast, UK London, UK
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