Treatise on Materials Science and Technology PDF
Preview Treatise on Materials Science and Technology
ADVISORY BOARD J. W. CHRISTIAN T. B. KING Oxford University Massachusetts Institute of Technology Oxford, England Cambridge, Massachusetts M. E. FINE Ε. I. SALKOVITZ Northwestern University U. S. Office of Naval Research Evanston, Illinois Arlington, Virginia J. FRIEDEL A. SEEGER Université de Paris Max-Planck-Institut Orsay, France Stuttgart, Germany J. J. HARWOOD A. SOSIN Ford Motor Company University of Utah Dearborn, Michigan Salt Lake City, Utah P. B. HIRSCH, F.R.S. F. F. Y. WANG Oxford University State University of New York Oxford, England Stony Brook, New York TREATISE ON MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EDITED BY HERBERT HERMAN Department of Materials Science State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York VOLUME 8 1975 ACADEMIC PRESS New York San Francisco London A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers COPYRIGHT © 1975, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 77-182672 ISBN 0-12-341808-9 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA List of Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. Y. T. CHOU (43), Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania B. ECKSTEIN (215), Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany CHOU H. LI (177), Research Department, Grumman Aerospace Corpora- tion, Bethpage, New York TOSHIYUKI NINOMIYA (1), Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan C. S. PANDE* (43), Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania G. C. WEATHERLY (121), Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada * Present address: Department of Applied Science, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973. vii Preface Materials limitations are often the major deterrents to the achievement of new technological advances. In modern engineering systems, materials scientists and engineers must continually strive to develop materials which can withstand extreme environmental conditions and maintain their re- quired properties. In the last decade we have seen the emergence of new types of materials, literally designed and processed with a specific use in mind. Many of these materials and the advanced techniques which were developed to produce them came directly or indirectly from basic scientific research. Clearly, the relationship between utility and fundamental materials science no longer needs justification. This is exemplified in such areas as composite materials, high-strength alloys, electronic materials, and ad- vanced fabricating and processing techniques. It is this association between the science and technology of materials on wThich we intend to focus in this Treatise. The topics covered in Treatise on Materials Science and Technology in- clude the fundamental properties and characterization of materials, rang- ing from simple solids to complex heterophase systems. The Treatise is intended for the professional scientist and engineer, as well as the graduate student in materials science and associated fields. This eighth volume of the Treatise contains articles on topics w Thich are as diverse as the field of materials science itself, ranging from the highly esoteric to topics of pressing practical importance. The dynamics of moving dislocations are examined by Ninomiya, who reviews the details of this motion, related especially to interactions with phonons. This "fine struc- ture" of mechanical properties warrants careful attention. Pande and Chou examine bicrystals, their growth, structure, and mechanical proper- ties. Research on single crystals has yielded much insight into the mechani- cal behavior of crystals. Bicrystals offer a bridge between this under- standing of single crystal behavior and the mechanical properties of polycrystalline materials. ix χ PREFACE Laboratory grown composites, based upon directional solidification through the eutectic, have great potential for application. However, the success of such structures will depend on their stability at elevated tem- peratures. Weatherly examines the important question of the stability of these microstructures in light of coarsening reactions which, occurring at elevated temperatures, can limit the usefulness of such systems. Single crystals now play a central role in the solid state electronics in- dustry. This field, as do others, depends on materials science and tech- nology to supply large quantities of single crystals with a controlled and well-characterized defect distribution. The semiconductor industry, as well as the metals industry, depends on understanding how materials crystallize. In the case of multicomponent systems, of further importance is compo- nent redistribution during solidification. Segregation in freezing alloys is discussed by Li, with emphasis on the use of empirical descriptions of the segregation process as aided by the equilibrium phase diagram. The description of orthodox crystallinity vs noncrystalline has some- times been more a problem of semantics and less a question of science. Eckstein discusses order from the point of view of the geometry of building units and develops ideas which aid in a physical understanding of some "more or less" ordered states. The editor would like to express his sincere appreciation to the members of the Advisory Board who have given so generously of their time and advice. H. HERMAN Contents of Previous Volumes VOLUME l On the Energetics, Kinetics, and Topography of Interfaces W. A. Tiller Fracture of Composites A. S. Argon Theory of Elastic Wave Propagation in Composite Materials V. K. Tewary and R. Bullough Substitutional-Interstitial Interactions in bcc Alloys D. F. Hasson and R. J. Arsenault The Dynamics of Microstructural Change Ä. T. DeHoff Studies in Chemical Vapor Deposition R. W. Haskell and J. G. Byrne AUTHOR INDEX-SUBJECT INDEX VOLUME 2 Epitaxial Interfaces J. H. van der Merwe xi XU CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES X-Ray and Neutron Scattering Studies on Disordered Crystals W. Schmatz Structures and Properties of Superconducting Materials F. Y. Fradin and P. Neumann Physical and Chemical Properties of Garnets Franklin F. Y. Wang AUTHOR INDEX-SUBJECT INDEX VOLUME 3 Ultrasonic Investigation of Mechanical Properties Robert E. Green, Jr. AUTHOR INDEX-SUBJECT INDEX VOLUME 4 Microstructural Characterization of Thin Films Richard W. Vook Lattice Diffusion of Substitutional Solutes and Correlation Effects J. P. Stark Solid Solution Strengthening of Face-Centered Cubic Alloys K. R. Evans Thermodynamics and Lattice Disorder in Binary Ordered Intermetallic Phases Y. Austin Chang Metal Powder Processing Michael J. Koczak and Howard A. Kuhn SUBJECT INDEX CONTENTS OP PREVIOUS VOLUMES χϋ% VOLUME 5 Solution Thermodynamics Rex B. McLellan Radiation Studies of Materials Using Color Centers W. A. Sibley and Derek Pooley Four Basic Types of Metal Fatigue W. A. Wood The Relationship between Atomic Order and the Mechanical Properties of Alloys M. J. Marcinkowski SUBJECT INDEX VOLUME 6: PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF MATERIALS Low Temperature of Deformation of bcc Metals and Their Solid- Solution Alloys R. J. Arsenault Cyclic Deformation of Metals and Alloys Campbell Laird High-Temperature Creep Amiya K. Mukherjee Review Topics in Superplasticity Thomas H. Alden Fatigue Deformation of Polymers P. Beardmore and S. Rabinovritz Low Temperature Deformation of Crystalline Nonmetals R. G. Wolf son xiv CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES Recovery and Recrystallization during High Temperature Deformation H. J. McQueen and J. J. Jonas SUBJECT INDEX VOLUME 7 Microstructures of Irradiated Materials H. S. Rosenbaum SUBJECT INDEX
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