Treaties and Alliances of the World, 8TH EDITION

724 Pages·2007·4.2 MB·English

by  John Harper Publishing

TREATIES AND ALLIANCES OF
THE WORLD
Other current affairs reference titles from John Harper Publishing include:
Political Parties of the World (6th edition, 2005)
Border and Territorial Disputes (4th edition, 2004)
Revolutionary and Dissident Movements of the World (4th edition, 2004)
www.johnharperpublishing.co.uk
TREATIES AND ALLIANCES
OF THE WORLD
8TH EDITION
Published byJohn Harper Publishing
27 Palace Gates Road
London N22 7BW, United Kingdom.
www.johnharperpublishing.co.uk
Distributed exclusively in the United States and Canada by Thomson Gale.
Treaties and Alliances of the World, 8th edition
ISBN 978-0-9551144-4-1
This edition first published in 2007
© John Harper Publishing 2007
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored on a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting
restricted copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., 90 Tottenham Court Road,
London W1P 9HE.
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd
v
Contents
ABOUT TREATIES AND ALLIANCES OF THE WORLD ..................................................xi
ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS ....................................................................................................xi
CHAPTER 1:THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM ...................................................................1
UN Member States ....................................................................................................................................3
Historical Origins and Basic Principles ....................................................................................................5
UN Secretariat and Secretary-General ...................................................................................................12
The Security Council ...............................................................................................................................16
UN peacekeeping operations and special missions ...............................................................................19
The General Assembly ............................................................................................................................30
International Court of Justice ..................................................................................................................31
Economic and Social Council .................................................................................................................32
PROGRAMMES, FUNDS AND OTHER BODIES UNDER GENERAL ASSEMBLY/ECOSOC .35
(i) UN High Commissioner for Refugees ..........................................................................................35
(ii) UN Human Rights Council/UN High Commissioner for Human Rights .................................38
(iii) UN Development Programme (UNDP) .....................................................................................41
(iv) UN Environment Programme (UNEP) .......................................................................................45
(v) UN Population Fund (UNFPA) ....................................................................................................46
(vi) UN-Habitat ...................................................................................................................................47
(vii) United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) ..............................................................................48
(viii) World Food Programme ............................................................................................................49
UN Research and Training Institutes ......................................................................................................51
UN Office on Drugs and Crime .............................................................................................................53
UN SPECIALIZED AGENCIES ...........................................................................................................56
International Labour Organization .....................................................................................................56
Food and Agriculture Organization ....................................................................................................59
UNESCO .............................................................................................................................................61
World Health Organization (WHO) ...................................................................................................64
International Civil Aviation Organization ..........................................................................................69
Universal Postal Union .......................................................................................................................69
International Telecommunication Union ...........................................................................................70
World Meteorological Organization ...................................................................................................71
International Maritime Organization .................................................................................................72
World Intellectual Property Organization ..........................................................................................73
International Fund for Agricultural Development .............................................................................75
UN Industrial Development Organization .........................................................................................76
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) ...................................................................................77
Major UN Conventions and Declarations ..............................................................................................81
International Criminal Court ...................................................................................................................92
UN Conferences and Conventions on the Law of the Sea ....................................................................96
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 2:INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS
AND AGREEMENTS .................................................................................................................101
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND ...........................................................................................101
WORLD BANK GROUP .....................................................................................................................111
World Bank – IBRD and IDA ..........................................................................................................111
World Bank affiliates ........................................................................................................................118
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative ......................................................................................120
Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative ....................................................................................................121
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ..................................................................................................122
OTHER INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC BODIES AND AGREEMENTS ..................................129
Bank for International Settlements ..................................................................................................129
Cairns Group .....................................................................................................................................130
Financial Action Task Force .............................................................................................................130
Financial Stability Forum .................................................................................................................131
G-8 and other groups of countries....................................................................................................132
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development .........................................................134
- Nuclear Energy Agency .................................................................................................................137
- International Energy Agency .........................................................................................................138
Paris Club ..........................................................................................................................................139
New International Economic Order .................................................................................................140
UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) ...............................................................143
UN Conference on Least Developed Countries ..............................................................................146
World Customs Organization ...........................................................................................................147
CHAPTER 3:COMMODITIES AND FISHERIES ..............................................................148
COMMODITIES ...................................................................................................................................148
Bananas .............................................................................................................................................148
Cocoa .................................................................................................................................................149
Coconuts ............................................................................................................................................150
Coffee ................................................................................................................................................150
Copper ...............................................................................................................................................153
Cotton ................................................................................................................................................153
Grains ................................................................................................................................................154
Jute .....................................................................................................................................................155
Lead & Zinc ......................................................................................................................................156
Nickel ................................................................................................................................................157
Olive Oil ............................................................................................................................................157
Pepper ................................................................................................................................................158
Petroleum ...........................................................................................................................................158
Rice ....................................................................................................................................................165
Rubber ...............................................................................................................................................165
Sugar ..................................................................................................................................................167
Timber ...............................................................................................................................................168
Tin ......................................................................................................................................................170
Wine ..................................................................................................................................................170
FISHERIES ............................................................................................................................................171
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER 4:THE ENVIRONMENT .....................................................................................179
World Environmental Conferences .......................................................................................................179
Biodiversity ............................................................................................................................................182
Desertification .......................................................................................................................................185
Rivers and Lakes ...................................................................................................................................186
Airborne Pollution .................................................................................................................................187
Ozone Depletion ....................................................................................................................................188
Deforestation ..........................................................................................................................................189
Hazardous Wastes – Dangerous Chemicals .........................................................................................190
Climate Change – Global Warming .....................................................................................................191
Miscellaneous Environmental Agreements ..........................................................................................196
Antarctic and Arctic Regions ................................................................................................................198
THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................201
International Agreements .................................................................................................................201
Regional Agreements ........................................................................................................................207
(i) The Baltic .....................................................................................................................................207
(ii) North Sea ....................................................................................................................................207
(iii) Mediterranean Sea .....................................................................................................................208
(iv) Black Sea ....................................................................................................................................209
(v) Atlantic Ocean .............................................................................................................................209
(vi) African Seaboard ........................................................................................................................210
(vii) Persian Gulf ...............................................................................................................................211
(viii) Red Sea & Gulf of Aden .........................................................................................................212
(ix) Pacific Ocean .............................................................................................................................212
(x) Caribbean ....................................................................................................................................213
CHAPTER 5:ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT .................................................214
US & SOVIET (RUSSIAN) BILATERAL ARMS CONTROL ........................................................214
The ABM Treaty ...............................................................................................................................214
Interim Agreement ............................................................................................................................217
Agreement on Prevention of Nuclear War ......................................................................................218
Treaty on Limitation of Underground Nuclear Weapon Tests ........................................................218
Treaty on Limitation of Underground Nuclear Explosions for Peaceful Purposes .......................219
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT II) ...................................................................................221
The INF Treaty ..................................................................................................................................227
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) ..................................................................................229
START II Treaty ...............................................................................................................................235
Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty .............................................................................................238
MULTILATERAL ARMS CONTROL ................................................................................................240
Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty ................................................................................240
GLOBAL NON-PROLIFERATION REGIME ...................................................................................250
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regimes: Nuclear Test-Ban Treaties ........................................................251
Partial Test-Ban Treaty ......................................................................................................................251
Threshold Test Ban Treaty ................................................................................................................252
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty .......................................................................................................252
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty .........................................................................................................253
Other agreements ...................................................................................................................................259
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Nuclear Weapon-Free Zones .................................................................................................................260
Other Non-Proliferation Regimes .........................................................................................................262
Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention .....................................................................................265
Chemical Weapons Convention .......................................................................................................266
Convention on Conventional Weapons ............................................................................................270
Landmines Convention .....................................................................................................................270
International Initiatives Regarding Nuclear, Chemical or Biological Weapons Control ...............274
CHAPTER 6:NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION .....................................279
Origins, Development and Structures ...................................................................................................279
NATO’s Strategic Concept ....................................................................................................................291
NATO Operations ..................................................................................................................................301
CHAPTER 7:OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND AGREEMENTS 307
The Commonwealth ..............................................................................................................................307
Francophone Community ......................................................................................................................319
Other Linguistically Based Alliances ...................................................................................................323
CO-OPERATION AMONG DEVELOPING COUNTRIES .............................................................324
The Non-Aligned Movement ...........................................................................................................324
Other Groupings of Developing Countries ......................................................................................331
Organization of the Islamic Conference ...............................................................................................334
AGREEMENTS ON THE CONDUCT OF WAR ..............................................................................339
The Geneva Conventions ..................................................................................................................341
SPACE EXPLORATION AND UTILIZATION .................................................................................346
Space Treaties and Activities under UN Auspices ..........................................................................346
International Co-operation in Space Programmes ..........................................................................349
(i) European Space Agency ..............................................................................................................349
(ii) International Space Station .........................................................................................................351
Other Space-related Organizations and Agreements ......................................................................352
The Holy See .........................................................................................................................................354
Refugees & Migrants ............................................................................................................................355
MISCELLANEOUS AGREEMENTS AND ORGANIZATIONS ....................................................358
Diplomatic relations – Law of Treaties ............................................................................................358
Tourism ..............................................................................................................................................358
Animal Health ...................................................................................................................................359
Posts and Telecommunications .........................................................................................................359
Rail Transportation ...........................................................................................................................360
Police – Crime ...................................................................................................................................360
Energy ...............................................................................................................................................361
CHAPTER 8:AFRICA ...............................................................................................................363
PAN-AFRICAN ORGANIZATIONS & AGREEMENTS .................................................................363
AFRICAN UNION ...............................................................................................................................363
- African Economic Community ...........................................................................................................371
- New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) ......................................................................374
Other Pan-African Organizations .........................................................................................................378
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
REGIONAL AGREEMENTS ..............................................................................................................381
(i) West Africa ........................................................................................................................................381
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) ...........................................................381
West African Economic and Monetary Union ................................................................................386
Other West African Organizations ...................................................................................................388
(ii) East, Central and Northern Africa ..................................................................................................390
Inter-Governmental Authority on Development ..............................................................................390
Eritrea-Ethiopia War .........................................................................................................................393
Somalia Conflict ...............................................................................................................................396
Other regional agreements ...............................................................................................................398
(iii) Eastern and Southern Africa ..........................................................................................................402
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa .........................................................................402
Southern African Development Community ...................................................................................404
Southern African Customs Union ....................................................................................................407
Rwandan Genocide – International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ...............................................408
War in Democratic Republic of Congo ...........................................................................................410
Angolan Civil War ............................................................................................................................412
Conflict Diamonds – Kimberley Process ........................................................................................413
France and its Former Colonies ............................................................................................................414
Other Agreements between African States ...........................................................................................417
CHAPTER 9:THE AMERICAS ...............................................................................................418
Pan-Americanism & the First Regional Security Arrangements ........................................................418
Rio Pact ..................................................................................................................................................420
THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES AND RELATED STRUCTURES ..................422
OAS Charter ......................................................................................................................................422
OAS Declarations and Acts ..............................................................................................................425
OAS conventions ..............................................................................................................................429
Regional Crises (Falklands; Panama; Haiti &c) ..............................................................................430
Position of Cuba ................................................................................................................................435
Other OAS Bodies ............................................................................................................................438
Other Inter-American Co-operation .....................................................................................................441
Amazon Co-operation ...........................................................................................................................449
Andean Co-operation ............................................................................................................................450
The Caribbean ........................................................................................................................................455
Central America .....................................................................................................................................459
Southern Cone .......................................................................................................................................466
North American Co-operation ..............................................................................................................469
CHAPTER 10:EUROPE ...........................................................................................................474
TREATIES ARISING FROM WORLD WAR II ................................................................................474
Residual Territorial Disputes ............................................................................................................478
THE EUROPEAN UNION ..................................................................................................................481
History, Treaties and Membership ...................................................................................................481
Principal Organs of the EU ..............................................................................................................496
European Central Bank and EMU ...................................................................................................502
Other EU bodies ...............................................................................................................................505