Travels and Archaeology in South Chile PDF
Preview Travels and Archaeology in South Chile
Travels and Archaeology in South Chile Travels and Archaeology in South Chile BYJUNIUS B. BIRD With journal segments by MARGARET BIRD Edited byJohn Hyslop Biographical Essay by Gordon R. Willey UNIVERSITY OF IOWA PRESS "" IOWA CITY UniversityofIowaPress, IowaCity52242 Copyright© 1988bytheUniversityofIowa Allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Firstedition, 1988 TypesettingbyG&STypesetters, Austin, Texas PrintingandbindingbyEdwardsBrothers, AnnArbor, Michigan Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedorutilizedinanyform or byanymeans,electronicormechanical,includin8photocoPyin8 andrecordin8, withoutpermissioninwritin8 from thepublisher. ThebiographicalessaybyGordonWilleyisreprintedwith thekindpermissionoftheauthorandofDumbartonOaks, Washington, D.C. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Bird,JuniusBouton, 1907-1982. TravelsandarchaeologyinsouthChile. Bibliography:p. 1. IndiansofSouthAmerica-Chile-Antiquities. 2. Bird,JuniusBouton, 1907-1982. 3. Chile Antiquities. I. Bird, Margaret. II. Hyslop,John, 1945- . III. Title. F3069.B53 1988 983'.01 87-30245 ISBN0-87745-202-4 Contents Acknowledgments VII Preface IX Biographical Essay:Junius Bouton Bird and American Archaeology, BY GORDON R. WILLEY xiii I. BACKGROUND AND DEPARTURE Overview 1 South Chile and theCanoe Indians 2 Daily LifeSailingtheChannels 8 2. CHRONOLOGICALSYNTHESIS AND DATING The Periods 27 TheRadiocarbon Dates 33 3. CANADON LEONA General Description 36 Excavation Information 39 The Artifacts 43 Faunal Remains 60 PossibleAgeofDeposit 61 Burials 62 Summary 65 DailyLife 66 4. PALLI AIKE General Description 75 Excavation inTwo Phases 78 Excavation Information 79 The Artifacts 83 PossibleAgeofDeposit 106 vi Contents FaunalRemains 107 HumanRemains 115 DailyLife 119 5. FELL'S CAVE General Description 134 Excavation Information, 1936-1937 137 TheArtifacts 146 FaunalRemains 153 DailyLife 158 ExcavationsbyJohn Fell and the French Mission 163 Excavations, 1969-1970 165 The Carnivore RemainsExcavated atFell's Cavein 1970, BYJULIETCLUTTON-BROCK 188 Fell's Cave: 11,000 Years ofChan8es in Paleoenvironments, Fauna, andHuman Occupation, BY VERA MARKGRAF 196 6. CERRO SOTA CAVE GeneralDescription 202 Excavation Information 205 TheArtifacts 207 FaunalRemains 208 AGroup Burial 210 Probable Datingofthe Deposit 217 DailyLife 218 7. MYLODON CAVE Background 222 Structureofthe FloorDeposit 227 Results and Conclusions 228 HumanRemains 229 SlothSkin 230 Brokenor"Cut" Bone 231 DomesticationoftheSloth 233 SummaryofEvidence 234 AgeofRemains 235 TwoAdditionalSpecimens 236 Editor'sPostscript 237 Bibliography 241 Acknowledgments Inthe 1930sa numberofpeoplefacilitated thefieldworkinChile: Ricardo Latcham, Julio Santibanez, Ken Williams, the Ross family, and Lucas Bridges. Very special thanks go to William Fell, his sonJohn, andJohn's wife Peggy. Bird'sassistant at Laguna Blanca was DougThompson; his as sistantat Fell'sand Palli Aikecaveswas PedroOjeda. The 1969-1970 fieldwork was in collaboration with the National Mu seum, director Greta Mostny, and the Institute of Patagonia, director Mateo Martinic. Bird's assistants in the field were Patricio Nunez, Hugo Yavar II, Tom Bird, George Duncan, and Patti Fell. StephanieGartnerandHarryBirdarethankedfortheirworkorganizing the photo archive. Much gratitude goes to Nick Amorosi, who drew the plansandmaps, andtoJulietClutton-Brock (DepartmentofZoology, Brit ish Museum ofNatural History) and Vera Markgraf (Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado), who contributed studies to this volume. We thank Ian Tattersall (Department of Anthropology, AMNH) forhiscontributiontothedescriptionsofthehumanremainsand ThomasAmorosi (HunterCollege) for classifyingthefaunal material. Robert Bird, Peggy Bird, Mateo Martinic, and Thomas Lynch read the manuscript. JOHN HYSLOP Preface This bookreports the excavations byJunius B. Bird in Chilean Patagonia in 1936 and 1937. At the time, that investigationyielded evidencefor the earliest human occupation of the South American continent. Bird pub lished several articles (1938a, 1938b, 1946a, 1983) on the research, and theseinvestigationshavebecomeclassicstudies,citedinnearlyeverybook onSouth American prehistory and in most studieson earliestpeoplingof the Americas. With Bird's passing in 1982, much information from the fieldwork remained unpublished in Bird's files, and the purpose of this bookis to make it available. The preparationofthisvolumemarkedthefiftieth anniversaryofBird's early man excavations in Chilean Patagonia. The archaeological work tookplaceunderconditions, andwithaspirit, considerablydifferentfrom much research today. This book attempts to convey some ofthe personal aspectsofthis trulypioneeringinvestigationbycitingsegmentsoftheex tensivejournal kept by Peggy Bird. Junius Bird was well prepared for work in south Chile. In 1934, at age 27, he had already taken part in six expeditions to various parts of the Arctic, two toSouth America, and one to the CaribbeanSea. His knowl edgeofsailingand navigation, essentialtothesuccessoftheinlandchan nel trip described in chapter I, was derived from several seasons on the schooner Morrissey under Captain Bob Bartlett. Navigating in the Carib beanin 1931, heweatheredaseverehurricaneinwhichhisvesselwasone oftwo boatsoutofsixteenin the vicinitywhichremained afloat. Bird's earliest interest in south Chile developed after reading J. M. Cooper'sbookAnalyticalandCriticalBiblioaraphyofthe Tribes ofTierra del Fueao and Adjacent Territory (1917). In 1932 he proposed to make a six-monthtriptosouth Chile, and Dr. ClarkWissler, chairmanofthe De partment of Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), agreedthatthemuseumwouldsupporttheproject. In 1932Bird leftforNavarinoIslandsouthofTierradelFuegoandspentseveralmonths surveyingtheentirenorthshore. HeexcavatedamiddenatasiteatPuerto
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