Traumatic Brain Injury, Part I PDF
Preview Traumatic Brain Injury, Part I
HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Series Editors MICHAEL J. AMINOFF, FRANC¸OIS BOLLER, AND DICK F. SWAAB VOLUME 127 EDINBURGH LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PHILADELPHIA ST LOUIS SYDNEY TORONTO 2015 ELSEVIERB.V. Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA ©2015,ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical, includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting fromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissions policiesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(otherthan asmaybenotedherein). ISBN:9780444528926 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmay becomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusing anyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethods theyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhavea professionalresponsibility. Withrespecttoanydrugorpharmaceuticalproductsidentified,readersareadvisedtocheckthemostcurrent informationprovided(i)onproceduresfeaturedor(ii)bythemanufacturerofeachproducttobeadministered, toverifytherecommendeddoseorformula,themethodanddurationofadministration,andcontraindications.It istheresponsibilityofpractitioners,relyingontheirownexperienceandknowledgeoftheirpatients,tomake diagnoses,todeterminedosagesandthebesttreatmentforeachindividualpatient,andtotakeallappropriatesafety precautions. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliability foranyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,or fromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ThePublisher The Publisher's CommissioningEditor:MicaHaley policy is to use DevelopmentEditor:MichaelParkinson paper manufactured from sustainable forests ProjectManager:SujathaThirugnanaSambandam Designer/DesignDirection:AlanStudholme HandbookofClinicalNeurology3rdSeries Availabletitles Vol.79,Thehumanhypothalamus:basicandclinicalaspects,PartI,D.F.SwaabISBN9780444513571 Vol.80,Thehumanhypothalamus:basicandclinicalaspects,PartII,D.F.SwaabISBN9780444514905 Vol.81,Pain,F.CerveroandT.S.Jensen,eds.ISBN9780444519016 Vol.82,Motorneuronedisordersandrelateddiseases,A.A.EisenandP.J.Shaw,eds.ISBN9780444518941 Vol.83,Parkinson’sdiseaseandrelateddisorders,PartI,W.C.KollerandE.Melamed,eds.ISBN9780444519009 Vol.84,Parkinson’sdiseaseandrelateddisorders,PartII,W.C.KollerandE.Melamed,eds.ISBN9780444528933 Vol.85,HIV/AIDSandthenervoussystem,P.PortegiesandJ.Berger,eds.ISBN9780444520104 Vol.86,Myopathies,F.L.MastagliaandD.HiltonJones,eds.ISBN9780444518996 Vol.87,Malformationsofthenervoussystem,H.B.SarnatandP.Curatolo,eds.ISBN9780444518965 Vol.88,Neuropsychologyandbehaviouralneurology,G.GoldenbergandB.C.Miller,eds.ISBN9780444518972 Vol.89,Dementias,C.DuyckaertsandI.Litvan,eds.ISBN9780444518989 Vol.90,Disordersofconsciousness,G.B.YoungandE.F.M.Wijdicks,eds.ISBN9780444518958 Vol.91,Neuromuscularjunctiondisorders,A.G.Engel,ed.ISBN9780444520081 Vol.92,Stroke–PartI:Basicandepidemiologicalaspects,M.Fisher,ed.ISBN9780444520036 Vol.93,Stroke–PartII:Clinicalmanifestationsandpathogenesis,M.Fisher,ed.ISBN9780444520043 Vol.94,Stroke–PartIII:Investigationsandmanagement,M.Fisher,ed.ISBN9780444520050 Vol.95,Historyofneurology,S.Finger,F.BollerandK.L.Tyler,eds.ISBN9780444520081 Vol.96,Bacterialinfectionsofthecentralnervoussystem,K.L.RoosandA.R.Tunkel,eds.ISBN9780444520159 Vol.97,Headache,G.NappiandM.A.Moskowitz,eds.ISBN9780444521392 Vol.98,SleepdisordersPartI,P.MontagnaandS.Chokroverty,eds.ISBN9780444520067 Vol.99,SleepdisordersPartII,P.MontagnaandS.Chokroverty,eds.ISBN9780444520074 Vol.100,Hyperkineticmovementdisorders,W.J.WeinerandE.Tolosa,eds.ISBN9780444520142 Vol.101,Musculardystrophies,A.AmatoandR.C.Griggs,eds.ISBN9780080450315 Vol.102,Neuro-ophthalmology,C.KennardandR.J.Leigh,eds.ISBN9780444529039 Vol.103,Ataxicdisorders,S.H.SubramonyandA.Durr,eds.ISBN9780444518927 Vol.104,Neuro-oncologyPartI,W.GrisoldandR.Sofietti,eds.ISBN9780444521385 Vol.105,Neuro-oncologyPartII,W.GrisoldandR.Sofietti,eds.ISBN9780444535023 Vol.106,Neurobiologyofpsychiatricdisorders,T.SchlaepferandC.B.Nemeroff,eds.ISBN9780444520029 Vol.107,EpilepsyPartI,H.StefanandW.H.Theodore,eds.ISBN9780444528988 Vol.108,EpilepsyPartII,H.StefanandW.H.Theodore,eds.ISBN9780444528995 Vol.109,Spinalcordinjury,J.VerhaagenandJ.W.McDonaldIII,eds.ISBN9780444521378 Vol.110,Neurologicalrehabilitation,M.BarnesandD.C.Good,eds.ISBN9780444529015 Vol.111,PediatricneurologyPartI,O.Dulac,M.LassondeandH.B.Sarnat,eds.ISBN9780444528919 Vol.112,PediatricneurologyPartII,O.Dulac,M.LassondeandH.B.Sarnat,eds.ISBN9780444529107 Vol.113,PediatricneurologyPartIII,O.Dulac,M.LassondeandH.B.Sarnat,eds.ISBN9780444595652 Vol.114,Neuroparasitologyandtropicalneurology,H.H.Garcia,H.B.TanowitzandO.H.DelBrutto,eds. ISBN9780444534903 Vol.115,Peripheralnervedisorders,G.SaidandC.Krarup,eds.ISBN9780444529022 Vol.116,Brainstimulation,A.M.LozanoandM.Hallett,eds.ISBN9780444534972 Vol.117,Autonomicnervoussystem,R.M.BuijsandD.F.Swaab,eds.ISBN9780444534910 Vol.118,Ethicalandlegalissuesinneurology,J.L.BernatandH.R.Beresford,eds.ISBN9780444535016 Vol.119,NeurologicaspectsofsystemicdiseasePartI,J.BillerandJ.M.Ferro,eds.ISBN9780702040863 Vol.120,NeurologicaspectsofsystemicdiseasePartII,J.BillerandJ.M.Ferro,eds.ISBN9780702040870 Vol.121,NeurologicaspectsofsystemicdiseasePartIII,J.BillerandJ.M.Ferro,eds.ISBN9780702040887 vi AVAILABLETITLES(Continued) Vol.122,Multiplesclerosisandrelateddisorders,D.S.Goodin,ed.ISBN9780444520012 Vol.123,Neurovirology,A.C.TselisandJ.Booss,eds.ISBN9780444534880 Vol.124,Clinicalneuroendocrinology,E.Fliers,M.KorbonitsandJ.A.Romijn,eds.ISBN9780444596024 Vol.125,Alcoholandthenervoussystem,E.V.SullivanandA.Pfefferbaum,eds.ISBN9780444626196 Vol.126,Diabetesandthenervoussystem,D.W.ZochodneandR.A.Malik,eds.ISBN9780444534804 Foreword Traumaticbraininjuries(TBI)areamongtheearliest describedillnessesaffectinghumanity.Theearliestavailable medicaldocument,theEdwinSmithSurgicalPapyrus(c.26thcenturyBC),providesawrittendescriptionofseveral neurologicdisordersfollowingwartimeheadinjuries.Becauseoftheimportanceoftheproblem,thepreviousseriesof theHandbookofClinicalNeurology,editedbyVinkenandBruyn,includedvolumesdedicatedtothistopic.Unfor- tunatelyTBIs,eventhoughpreventableinmanycases,continuetobethesinglemostfrequentcauseofdeathand permanent disability in people aged 45 or less. Furthermore, there has been a surge of interest in this area due to theincreasedincidenceofpost-traumaticstressdisorders(PTSD)andalsoofsport-relatedpostconcussiondisorders. Therefore,thepresenttwovolumesoftheHandbookdealingwithTBIareparticularlytimely. ThevolumesdealwithavarietyofTBI-relatedtopics.Theseincludeanimalmodels,geneticpredictorsofsuscep- tibility,andanin-depthpresentationoftheepidemiologyandclassificationofTBI,aswellastheneuropathology, neurophysiology,andcellularandmolecularbasisofinjuryandsubsequentrecovery.Laterchaptersdealwithbio- markersofTBI,withconsiderableemphasisgiventoimagingandneurophysiologictechniques.Asectionexplores indetailthepreventionandtreatmentofTBI.Thesadvarietyofclinicalsequelaeandthelong-termoutcomeofTBIin adultsandchildrenarealsodiscussedindifferentchapters.Thevolumesconcludewithsectionsdedicatedtobrain plasticityandtotheall-importanttopicoftheconductofclinicaltrials,includingthespecialethicalandregulatory aspectsofTBIresearch. Wehavebeenfortunatetohaveasvolumeeditorstwodistinguishedscholars,Dr.JordanGrafman,Directorof BrainInjuryResearchattheRehabilitationInstituteofChicagoandProfessorinPhysicalMedicineandRehabilitation, NorthwestUniversity,andDr.AndresSalazar,ChiefExecutiveOfficerandScientificDirectorofOncovirInc.Both havebeenontheforefrontofTBIresearchformanyyears.Theyhaveassembledatrulyinternationalgroupofauthors withacknowledgedexpertisetocontributetothesevolumes,whichareauthoritative,comprehensive,anduptodate. TheavailabilityelectronicallyofthevolumesonElsevier’sScienceDirectsiteaswellasinprintformatshouldensure theirreadyaccessibilityandfacilitatesearchesforspecificinformation.Wethankthevolumeeditorsandcontributors forcreatingsuchaninvaluableresource.Asserieseditorswereadandcommentedoneachofthechapterswithgreat interest. We are therefore confident that clinicians and researchers in many different medical disciplines will find muchinthesevolumestoappealtothem. Asalways,itisapleasuretoacknowledgeandthankElsevier,ourpublisher–andinparticularMichaelParkinsonin Lochcarron,andMicaHaleyandKristiAndersoninSanDiego–fortheirunfailingandexpertassistanceinthedevel- opmentandproductionofthesevolumes. MichaelJ.Aminoff Franc¸oisBoller DickF.Swaab Preface Moderateandseveretraumaticbraininjury(TBI)remainsamajorpublichealthchallenge.Itaffectstheyoungand elderly disproportionately, having a magnified societal impact early in life and during retirement. The consequent cognitiveandbehavioralchangesafterTBIcanattimesbesubtleandunrecognized.MildTBI,whileresultinginless severe–albeitveryreal–deficits,hasanimportantsocietalimpactbecauseofthenumberofindividualsaffected,and stillunknownfactorspredisposesomewithmildTBItohaveahigherriskthanothersofdevelopingalate-lifeneu- rodegenerativedisorder.Whilepreventivemeasuressuchastheuseofhelmetsandvehicularrestraintsmayreducethe incidenceofsevereTBI,suchinjurywillnotbeeliminated. Earlyinourcareers,bothofusbecameinvolvedinthestudyofVietnamveteranswithpenetratingtraumaticbrain injury,andweappreciatedtheadvancesinacutecaremedicinethatenabledmanyofthoseveteranstosurvive.Major advancesinourunderstandingofthebrain’sresponseto,andrecoveryfrom,injuryhavecontinuedinthepastfew decadesbutgenerallyhavefailedtobetranslatedintoclinicalpractice.Thus,onemajormotivationforustoeditthese twovolumesonTBIintheHandbookofClinicalNeurologyserieshasbeentheopportunitytohelpstrengthenthelink betweenbasicscienceandclinicalmanagementinawaythatcaninformbothbenchscientistsandpractitioners.We believewehaveaccomplishedthisgoalbyprovidingthereaderwithanupdatedreviewofemergingapproachestoTBI research,clinicalmanagement,andrehabilitationofaffectedpatientsthatoffersnewanduniqueperspectivesonTBI. Chaptersinthisvolumehavebeenwrittenbyleadersinthefield,andincludeepidemiologyandpathologicmech- anismsofinjury,neuroprotection,functionalsequelae,predictionoflong-termoutcomes,andneuroplasticity,witha strongemphasisoncurrentneurobiologicapproachestodescribingtheconsequencesandmechanismsofrecovery fromTBI.Contemporaryinvestigationsonblastinjuryarepresented,highlightingthecontributionsthatwarmedicine has made to TBI management over thepast century and demonstrating thatcombat-related TBI draws public and scientificattentiontoTBIresearchandmanagement,oftenleadingtoincreasedsupportforresearchandadvances inmedicalknowledgeandpractice.Therecognitionoftheriskforchronictraumaticencephalopathy,evenaftermild sportsTBI,isanotherrecentdevelopmentthatislendingclaritytoourunderstandingofthelong-termconsequences andrecoveryfromTBI,includingitslinktomorecommonneurodegenerativeconditionssuchasAlzheimerdisease. Finally,thevolumesconcludewithchaptersthatdiscussthechallengesindesignofclinicaltrialsforneuroprotection andrehabilitation,echoingathemethatisalsointroducedbyotherauthorsthroughoutthevolume. It remains challenging to take time away from writing data-driven papers, grant writing, and other day-to-day responsibilitiestowriteareviewchapter–evenifthechapterisonatopicdeartotheheart.Nevertheless,suchchapters offer a unique opportunity to summarize an area of research and study and to advance hypotheses based on this appraisal.Webelieveourcontributorsexemplifythisapproachandwegratefullyacknowledgetheircontributions. ManyofuswhostudyandworkwithTBIpatientsknowthesacrificethatpatientsmaketocontributetoresearch thatmayleadtofutureimprovementsinclinicalcare.Weareforeverindebtedtothemfortheirhelp,trust,anddevo- tion. Finally, we thank our families for their support and patience in allowing us to prepare and complete these volumes. AndresM.Salazar,M.D. JordanGrafman,Ph.D. Contributors B.Aarabi T.Buell DepartmentofNeurosurgery,UniversityofMaryland, DepartmentofNeurosurgery,BaylorCollege Baltimore,MD,USA ofMedicine,Houston,TX,USA J.A.Aarabi J.Cantor(deceased) CapellaUniversity,Minneapolis,MN,USA DepartmentofRehabilitationMedicine,MountSinai SchoolofMedicine,NewYork, M.P.Alexander NY,USA DepartmentofNeurology,HarvardMedicalSchool, Boston,Concussion/TBIProgram,BethIsrael S.I.Cohen DeaconessMedicalCenter,Boston,andSpaulding AcquiredBrainInjuryProgram,Braintree HospitalCambridge,Cambridge,MA,USA RehabilitationHospital,BraintreeandDepartmentof PhysicalMedicineandRehabilitation,TuftsMedical A.Bandak School,Boston,MA,USA IntegratedServicesGroupInc.,Potomac,MD,USA F.A.Bandak V.Coronado DepartmentofNeurology,F.EdwardHe´bertSchool CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,Atlanta, ofMedicine,UniformedServicesUniversityofthe GA,USA HealthSciences,BethesdaandIntegratedServices GroupInc.,Potomac,MD,USA D.K.Cullen PennCenterforBrainInjuryandRepairand M.Beare DepartmentofNeurosurgery,Universityof DepartmentofNeurosciences,InovaFairfaxMedical Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA Campus,FallsChurch,VA,USA K.Dams-O’Connor T.Bekinschtein DepartmentofRehabilitationMedicine,MountSinai DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofCambridge, SchoolofMedicine,NewYork,NY,USA Cambridge,UK S.Bhatnagar D.H.Daneshvar DepartmentofPhysicalMedicineandRehabilitation, VABostonHealthCareSystem;CenterfortheStudy SpauldingRehabilitationHospital,Veterans ofTraumaticEncephalopathy,Alzheimer’sDisease Administration,BostonandHarvardMedicalSchool, Center,andDepartmentsofNeurologyandPathology, Boston,MA,USA BostonUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Boston, MA,USA D.L.Brody DepartmentofNeurology,WashingtonUniversity N.C.deLanerolle SchoolofMedicine,St.Louis,MO,USA DepartmentofNeurosurgery,YaleUniversitySchoolof Medicine,NewHaven,CT,USA S.P.Broglio NeuroSportResearchLaboratory,Michigan M.A.Dichter NeuroSport,SchoolofKinesiology,Universityof DepartmentofNeurology,UniversityofPennsylvania, Michigan,AnnArbor,MI,USA Philadelphia,PA,USA xii CONTRIBUTORS A-C.Duhaime K.M.Guskiewicz DepartmentofNeurosurgery,MassachusettsGeneral MatthewGfellerSport-RelatedTBIResearch Hospital,Boston,MA,USA Center,DepartmentofExerciseandSportScience, UniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill,ChapelHill, J.M.Ecklund NC,USA DepartmentofNeurosciences,InovaFairfaxMedical Campus,FallsChurch,VA,USA G.W.J.Hawryluk DepartmentofNeurosurgery,UniversityofUtah,Salt A.I.Faden LakeCity,UT,USA Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), R.L.Hayes National Study Center for Trauma and EMS, BanyanBiomarkersInc.,Alachua,FL,USA University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA H.Hetherington M.Faul DepartmentofNeurosurgery,YaleUniversitySchoolof CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,Atlanta, Medicine,NewHaven,CT,USA GA,USA M.A.Iaccarino S.S.K.Gaddam DepartmentofPhysicalMedicineandRehabilitation, DepartmentofNeurosurgery,BaylorCollegeof SpauldingRehabilitationHospitalandHarvardMedical Medicine,Houston,TX,USA School,Boston,MA,USA R.I.Geddes A.Jagoda DepartmentofEmergencyMedicine,EmoryUniversity DepartmentofEmergencyMedicine,MountSinai SchoolofMedicine,Atlanta,GA,USA SchoolofMedicineandBrainTraumaFoundation, NewYork,NY,USA J.T.Giacino DepartmentofPhysicalMedicineandRehabilitation, HarvardMedicalSchoolandSpauldingRehabilitation V.E.Johnson Hospital,Boston,MA,USA PennCenterforBrainInjuryandRepairand DepartmentofNeurosurgery,Universityof J.Gilhooly Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA DepartmentofNeurosurgery,WalterReedNational MilitaryMedicalCenter,Bethesda,MD,USA D.I.Katz DepartmentofNeurology,BostonUniversitySchool E.Gleichgerrcht ofMedicine,BostonandAcquiredBrainInjury DepartmentofNeurology,MedicalUniversityofSouth Program,BraintreeRehabilitationHospital,Braintree, Carolina,Charleston,SC,USA MA,USA S.A.Goldberg DepartmentofEmergencyMedicine,Brigham M.Lin &Women’sHospital,Boston,MA,USA DepartmentofMolecularNeuroscience,Krasnow InstituteforAdvancedStudy,GeorgeMason W.A.Gordon University,Fairfax,VA,USA DepartmentofRehabilitationMedicine,MountSinai SchoolofMedicine,NewYork,NY,USA G.Ling DepartmentofNeurology,F.EdwardHe´bert J.Grafman SchoolofMedicine,UniformedServices DepartmentofPhysicalMedicineandRehabilitation; UniversityoftheHealthSciences,Bethesda, DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciences; MD,USA CognitiveNeurologyandAlzheimer’sDiseaseCenter, NorthwesternUniversityMedicalSchooland R.H.Lipsky DepartmentofPsychology,NorthwesternUniversity, DepartmentofNeurosciences,InovaHealthSystem, Chicago,IL,USA FallsChurch,VA,USA CONTRIBUTORS xiii D.J.Loane R.S.Rindler DepartmentofAnesthesiologyandCenterforShock, EmoryUniversityHospital,NeurologicalSurgery, TraumaandAnesthesiologyResearch(STAR),National Atlanta,GA,USA StudyCenterforTraumaandEMS,Universityof MarylandSchoolofMedicine,Baltimore,MD,USA C.S.Robertson DepartmentofNeurosurgery,BaylorCollegeof C.L.MacDonald Medicine,Houston,TX,USA DepartmentofNeurology,WashingtonUniversity SchoolofMedicine,St.Louis,MO,USA D.Rojanasarntikul DepartmentofEmergencyMedicine,MountSinai F.Manes SchoolofMedicine,NewYork,NY,USAand InstituteofCognitiveNeurology(INECO),andInstitute ChulalongkornUniversity,Bangkok, ofNeuroscience,FavaloroUniversity,BuenosAires, Thailand ArgentinaandUDP-INECOFoundationCoreon Neuroscience(UIFCoN),DiegoPortalesUniversity, Santiago,Chile A.M.Rosenbaum ParkTerraceCareCenter,RegoPark,NY,USA G.T.Manley DepartmentofNeurologicalSurgeryandBrainand A.M.Salazar SpinalInjuryCenter,UniversityofCalifornia,San OncovirInc.,Washington,DC,USA Francisco,CA,USA S.Schmitt M.J.McGinn DepartmentofNeurology,UniversityofPennsylvania, DepartmentofAnatomyandNeurobiology,Medical Philadelphia,PA,USA CollegeofVirginiaCampusofVirginiaCommonwealth University,Richmond,VA,USA J.S.Shimony DepartmentofRadiology,WashingtonUniversity A.C.McKee SchoolofMedicine,St.Louis,MO,USA VABostonHealthCareSystem;CenterfortheStudyof TraumaticEncephalopathy,Alzheimer’sDiseaseCenter, A.Siu andDepartmentsofNeurologyandPathology,Boston DepartmentofNeurosurgery,GeorgeWashington UniversitySchoolofMedicine,Boston,MA,USA University,Washington,DC,USA D.F.Meaney D.H.Smith DepartmentsofBioengineeringandNeurosurgery, DepartmentsofBioengineeringandNeurosurgery, UniversityofPennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA UniversityofPennsylvania,Philadelphia, PA,USA S.Mondello DepartmentofNeurosciences,UniversityofMessina, Messina,Italy E.A.Sribnick DepartmentofEmergencyMedicine,EmoryUniversity C.Mossop SchoolofMedicine,Atlanta,GA,USA WalterReedNationalMilitaryMedicalCenter, Bethesda,MD,USA D.G.Stein DepartmentofEmergencyMedicine,Emory A.M.Owen UniversitySchoolofMedicine,Atlanta, BrainandMindInstitute,DepartmentofPsychology, GA,USA UniversityofWesternOntario,London,Ontario,Canada B.A.Stoica J.T.Povlishock DepartmentofAnesthesiologyandCenterforShock, DepartmentofAnatomyandNeurobiology, TraumaandAnesthesiologyResearch(STAR), MedicalCollegeofVirginiaCampusofVirginia NationalStudyCenterforTraumaandEMS, CommonwealthUniversity,Richmond, UniversityofMarylandSchoolofMedicine, VA,USA Baltimore,MD,USA xiv CONTRIBUTORS T.Tsaousides R.Zafonte DepartmentofRehabilitationMedicine,MountSinai DepartmentofPhysicalMedicineandRehabilitation, SchoolofMedicine,NewYork,NY,USA SpauldingRehabilitationHospital,Massachusetts GeneralHospital,BrighamandWoman’sHopsital, J.vanderNaalt andHarvardMedicalSchool,Boston, DepartmentofNeurology,UniversityMedicalCenter MA,USA Groningen,UniversityofGroningen,TheNetherlands
The list of books you might like
