Trauma Management PDF
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v a d e m e c u m Trauma Management Demetrios Demetriades, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S. University of Southern California Juan A. Asensio, M.D., F.A.C.S. University of Southern California L A N D E S B I O S C I E N C E GEORGETOWN, TEXAS U.S.A. http://avaxhome.ws/blogs/ChrisRedfield VADEMECUM Trauma Management LANDES BIOSCIENCE Georgetown, Texas U.S.A. Copyright ©2000 Landes Bioscience All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the U.S.A. Please address all inquiries to the Publisher: Landes Bioscience, 810 S. Church Street, Georgetown, Texas, U.S.A. 78626 Phone: 512/ 863 7762; FAX: 512/ 863 0081 ISBN: 1-57059-641-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Trauma management / [edited by] Demetrios Demetriades, Juan A. Asensio. p. ; cm. -- (Vademecum) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57059-641-7 (spiral) 1. Wounds and injuries--Treatment. 2. Traumatology. 3. Surgical emergencies. 4. Emergency medical services. I. Demetriades, Demetrios, 1951- II. Asensio, Juan A. III. Series. [DNLM: 1. Wounds and Injuries--diagnosis. 2. Wounds and Injuries--therapy. 3. Critical care--methods. 4. Emergency Medical Services--methods. 5. Emergency Treatment--methods. WO 700 T77569 2000] RD93.T6892 2000 617.1--dc21 00-031657 While the authors, editors, sponsor and publisher believe that drug selection and dosage and the specifications and usage of equipment and devices, as set forth in this book, are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication, they make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to material described in this book. In view of the ongoing research, equipment development, changes in governmental regulations and the rapid accumulation of information relating to the biomedical sciences, the reader is urged to carefully review and evaluate the information provided herein. Dedication To my parents, my wife Elizabeth, my daughters, Alexis and Stephanie, and my son, Nicholas. D. Demetriades To my family, (E, JC, AA, JAA and HV) and to the memory of AOA, SG, RP and SG, who were instrumental in my life. J.A. Asensio Contents Prehospital Care 1. Prehospital Trauma Care..............................................................2 Samuel J. Stratton and Mark Eckstein Emergency Room Care 2. Initial Evaluation and Management in the Emergency Department....................................................16 Jack Sava and Juan A. Asensio 3. Ultrasound in Trauma................................................................29 Diku Mandavia 4. Analgesia and Sedation in Trauma..............................................39 William K. Mallon, Grace Ting and Maria Rudis 5. Emergency Airway Management in the Trauma Patient.............54 Kirsten Robinson and Sean O. Henderson 6. Shock and Resuscitation.............................................................69 Fred Bongard Head 7. Management of Head Injury ......................................................84 Peter Gruen 8. Maxillofacial Trauma..................................................................94 Dennis-Duke R. Yamashita and Mark M. Urata Neck 9. Evaluation of the C-Spine.........................................................115 George C. Velmahos 10. Penetrating Injuries of the Neck ...............................................127 Demetrios Demetriades 11. Carotid Artery Injuries .............................................................135 S. Ram Kumar and Fred A. Weaver 12. Subclavian and Axillary Vascular Injuries..................................141 Demetrios Demetriades 13. Vertebral Artery Injuries ..........................................................152 Demetrios Demetriades 14. Laryngotracheal Injuries...........................................................157 Uttam K. Sinha and Dennis M. Crockett 15. Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries............................................171 Milan Stevanovic and Frances Sharpe Chest 16. Blunt Thoracic Trauma............................................................186 George C. Velmahos 17. Penetrating Chest Injuries: Evaluation and Management..........195 Arthur Fleming 18. Cardiac Injuries ........................................................................200 Demetrios Demetriades 19.Lung Injuries............................................................................212 William C. Chiu and Aurelio Rodriguez 20. Blunt Aortic Trauma ................................................................221 Ismael Navarro Nuño, Juan A. Asensio 21. Penetrating Thoracic Vascular Injuries......................................229 Matthew J. Wall, Jr. and Anthony Estrera 22. Diaphragm Injuries ..................................................................237 James A. Murray 23. Esophageal Injury.....................................................................249 Juan A. Asensio and Esteban Gambaro 24. CT Scan in Chest Trauma........................................................254 Alison Wilcox and Randall Radin 25. Emergency Department Thoracotomy .....................................271 Juan A. Asensio and Kuen-Jang Tsai Abdomen 26. Evaluation of Blunt Abdominal Trauma...................................281 Michael Sugrue 27. Evaluation of Penetrating Abdominal Trauma..........................293 George C. Velmahos 28. Hepatic Injuries and Bile Duct Injuries ....................................303 Thomas V. Berne 29. Splenic Injuries.........................................................................314 John A. Androulakis and Michael N. Stavropoulos 30. Pancreatic Injuries ....................................................................326 Juan A. Asensio and Walter Forno 31. Duodenal Injuries.....................................................................333 Juan A. Asensio and Walter Forno 32. Colon/Rectal Injuries................................................................340 Claudia E. Goetter and William F. Fallon Jr. 33. Genitourinary Tract Trauma.....................................................348 Eila C. Skinner 34. Abdominal Vascular Injury .......................................................356 Juan A. Asensio and Matias Lejarraga 35. Abdominal Compartment Syndrome........................................363 Demetrios Demetriades 36. Damage Control Operations ....................................................370 Richard J. Mullins and John C. Mayberry 37. CT Scan in Abdominal Trauma................................................380 Sravanthi R. Keesara and Nabil A.Yassa Orthopedic Injuries 38. Extremity Compartment Syndrome..........................................405 George C. Velmahos and Pantelis Vassiliu 39. Penetrating Extremity Injury....................................................413 Edward Newton 40. Popliteal Vessel Injuries.............................................................420 Michael S. Walsh and John P. Raj 41. Hand Trauma...........................................................................426 Christopher Shean and Stephen Schnall 42. Long Bone Fractures and the General Surgeon.........................437 Jackson Lee 43. Pelvic Fractures and the General Surgeon .................................450 Jackson Lee 44. Spinal Injuries ..........................................................................458 Larry T. Khoo, Wei-Lee Liao and Gordon Engler Miscellaneous Topics 45. Pediatric Trauma......................................................................480 M. Margaret Knudson 46. Geriatric Trauma......................................................................492 Demetrios Demetriades 47. Trauma in Pregnancy................................................................496 John Fildes and Timothy Browder 48. Interventional Radiology in the Care of the Trauma Patient...............................................................501 Trevor D. Nelson and M. Victoria Marx 49. Minimally Invasive Surgery in Trauma.....................................527 James A. Murray 50. Ballistics of Gunshot Injuries....................................................532 Kenneth G. Swan and K.G. Swan, Jr. 51. Blast Injuries.............................................................................544 Avraham I. Rivkind and Tal Luria 52. Forensics for Trauma Care Givers.............................................553 Thomas T. Noguchi 53. Endocrine Problems in Trauma.................................................563 Elizabeth O. Beale 54.MOF Failure: MOF Syndrome.................................................577 H. Gill Cryer 55. Surgical Nutrition.....................................................................581 Edward E. Cornwell 56. Acute Burn Injury.....................................................................585 Jeffrey R. Antimarino and Warren L. Garner 57.Inhalation Injury......................................................................594 John F. Fraser and Michael Muller 58. Management of the Potential Organ Donor Patient.......................................602 Bradley J. Roth 59. Hypothermia in Trauma Patients .............................................607 Thomas V. Berne 60. Trauma Scores ..........................................................................610 D. Bowley and Ken Boffard 61. Crush Syndrome.......................................................................618 Gail T. Tominaga 62. Anesthesia of the Traumatized Patient......................................623 Michael J Sullivan and Earl Moore-Jefferies 63. Transfusion Therapy.................................................................636 Gay Wehrli and Ira A. Shulman 64. Venous Thromboembolism After Injury...................................646 George C. Velmahos 65.Trauma Program Manager........................................................655 Kathleen E. Alo and Pamela M.Griffith 66.Fat Embolism ...........................................................................663 George Androulakis and Demetrios Demetriades 67.Alcohol, Illicit Drugs and Trauma............................................668 Howard Belzberg Index ........................................................................................674 Editors Demetrios Demetriades, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S. Professor of Surgery Director of Trauma and Critical Care Division of Trauma and Critical Care University of Southern California Department of Surgery Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. Chapters 10, 12, 13, 18, 35, 46, 66 Juan A. Asensio, M.D., F.A.C.S. Associate Professor of Surgery Unit Chief, Trauma Surgery Service 'A' Division of Trauma/Critical Care Department of Surgery University of Southern California School of Medicine Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. Chapters 2, 20, 23, 25, 30, 31, 34
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