Transportation tunnels

370 Pages·2016·15.615 MB·English

by  Ponnuswamy, S., Victor, D. Johnson

Second Edition
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S. Ponnuswamy
Former Additional General Manager
Southern Railway, Chennai
and Guest Faculty, IIT Madras
D. Johnson Victor
Former Professor of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
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With the ever increasing need to strengthen the transport infrastructure in
terms of expressway, metro railway, and long distance high-speed railway
networks, tunnelling has assumed a special importance over the past four
decades. The construction of the 50 km long Eurotunnel across the English
Channel has given a further impetus to the planners to conceive more and
more challenging tunnelling schemes all over the world in order to improve
the transport infrastructure. Planning, design and construction of
transportation tunnels are specialised disciplines of the Engineering Science.
Tunnelling has also gained a special significance in India in the recent past
due to the immediate need to strengthen the metropolitan transport systems
in the country. Successful implementation of large scale tunnelling in the
Konkan Railway Project has further added to the confidence of engineers.
The opening up of infrastructure projects to private investments coupled with
adoption of the BOT concept for execution of such projects will further give
a tremendous boost to "Tunnelling" in this subcontinent.
To my knowledge presently there is no exhaustive book on "Tunnelling"
with reference to conditions obtaining in India. This book will, therefore,
fulfil the much needed requirement of students and professionals in the field
of tunnelling. The book has effectively covered important aspects of
planning, design and construction of tunnels. Geological aspects including
the details of soil and site investigations required to be carried out before
undertaking tunnelling works have been lucidly brought out. Surveying and
setting out which are very important aspects in execution of tunnelling works
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and secondary supporting system has been explained in sufficient details.
Text in most of the chapters is supplemented by illustrative sketches and
worked-out examples which will be of immense help to the students and
designers. Apart from covering the conventional tunnelling methods in hard
and soft rock formations, special attention has been given to the subject of
Metro Tunnels by including a separate chapter on this topic. This will be of
great help to the planners and engineers of Metro-Rail systems.
In spite of the difficult nature of the subject matter, the authors have
succeeded in presenting the topic lucidly and at the same time maintaining
a proper sequence. Due to this the book has become easily understandable.
At the end of the book the authors have given a list of references, which will
be of immense use to serious students of this discipline. This book will
become an important reference book in the libraries of tunnelling engineers
and will also be used as a much needed text book on the subject of tunnelling
in the Engineering College.
E. Sreedharan
28th March 1995 Chairman
Konkan Railway Corporation Ltd.
New Bombay
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Almost twenty years have passed since the First Edition was done. In this
period, considerable changes have taken place in tunnelling technology,
especially in terms of mechanization of work, introduction of road transport
vehicles with better turning circle and loading capabilities for mucking and
ventilation. Indian Railways have been and are implementing a large number
of tunnels, especially in the Jammu-Kashmir area and the North- east. These
works have been very challenging, since they pass through mixed and more
of soft grounds. Along with Drill-Blast methodology mostly adopted in
earlier tunnels they have been using NATM in a large scale. Designs are
being refined using observational data during construction, calling for
instrumentation on a larger scale.
With a number of cities going in for metro rail, large lengths of Subway
construction have been and are being implemented. Major part of tunnelling
for subways are being done with Tunnel Boring Machines, accompanied with
soil stabilization with grouting, and monitoring using instrumentation.
Such developments have increased the demand for personnel with know-
how on tunnelling. Even serving maintenance engineers have to be equipped
with better knowledge on tunnel inspection and maintenance. Consequently,
more technical institutions are offering courses on tunnelling. Hence it was
felt desirable to bring out a new edition of the book, and the authors started
planning and did preliminary work and started putting together material for
this second edition. During the process, unfortunately, Dr. Johnson Victor
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passed away and the other author has continued the work in line with the
original plans. With the publisher enthusiastically welcoming the idea, the
revision work was followed up, to make the main author's wish a reality.
Two additional chapters on 'Instrumentation in Tunnels' and "Inspection
and Maintenance of Tunnels' have been added to make it broad based. Some
case studies from recent works have been added for the benefit of younger
practicing engineers.
As in the case of the earlier edition, most of the additional information
has been compiled from available literature, journals and internet; and also
from personnel working in the field. A lot of details have been compiled
from the literature sourced from CMRL, KRCL and IPWE(I) and IRICEN,
USBRL, NF Railway and other web sites and ICJ and other journals, which
is gratefully acknowledged. Help has been forthcoming from a number of
authors' erstwhile colleagues and a number of experts in the field. Dr. G.
Narayanan, who has had considerable hands-on experience on railway
tunnels reviewed a major part of the book and gave a number of suggestions
for addition and modifications. Mr. S. Suryanarayanan who had worked on
a number of tunnels in the DBK project reviewed the case studies and also
the chapter on Instrumentation. Mr. S. Subramanian, another railway expert,
has reviewed the chapter on Maintenance, and enriched this with additional
information on mobile inspection platforms. M/s R. Ramanathan, L. Prakash,
S.D. Limaye, V. Somasundaram, V.K. Singh, Dr. Esther Malini and a
number of serving engineers have helped with information on subway
tunnels and tunnelling problems. The help received from all of them is
gratefully acknowledged. Heartfelt thanks are due to Mr. S. Dinesh for help
in preparation of a number of figures added and Ms. Sri Vidhya for providing
secretarial help.
Thanking the publisher for the excellent work done in bringing out this
edition in a short time, this edition is gratefully dedicated to the memory of
the co-author, Dr. Johnson Victor.
March, 2016 S. Ponnuswamy
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Tunnelling has assumed increased importance in recent years because of the
need to expand the transportation infrastructure in the country to cope with
the anticipated magnitude of the economic activities. Major development
projects such as the Konkan Railway project, rapid transit schemes in
metropolitan cities, expressways connecting major cities, and plans for
strengthening National Highways call for numerous tunnelling works of
varied magnitude, requirements and complexity. At the present time, there
is a lack of suitable text books to train civil engineers in the art and science
of tunnelling, with emphasis on conditions obtaining in India. The authors
have attempted to fill this need. It is hoped that the curriculum for Civil
Engineering courses would be updated to include adequate coverage of
tunnel engineering.
This book has been based on the observations at construction sites and
the study of published and unpublished literature on the subject by the
authors over many years, and especially on their experience in teaching a
graduate course on Transportation Structures at the Indian Institute of
Technology, Madras. The book is primarily addressed to final year
undergraduate and graduate students in Civil Engineering, and is expected
to serve as reference material to the practicing engineer. A specialised book
of such coverage and complexity has to necessarily benefit from inferences
from the relevant IS codes and available published literature and many
unpublished quoting the reference. The authors record their gratitude to the
authors of the above sources. Readers requiring additional information on
particular topic are encouraged to study the concerned source material.
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The authors are deeply indebted to Mr. E. Sreedharan, Chairman,
Konkan Railway Corporation Limited for kindly writing the Foreword to this
book. Mr. Sreedharan's contribution to the field of tunnel engineering in
India has been a source of inspiration to may an Indian engineer.
The authors would appreciate suggestions from the readers for the
improvement of the text. Sincere thanks are due the publishers for their
effective cooperation.
Madras S. PONNUSWAMY
June 1995 D. JOHNSON VICTOR
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Foreword iii
Preface to Second Edition v
Preface to First Edition vii
1. Introduction 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Classification 2
1.3 Traffic/ Vehicular Tunnels 2
1.3.1 Major Transportation Tunnels. 2
1.3.2 Subway Tunnels 4
1.3.3 Highway Tunnels 4
1.3.4 Navigation Tunnels 5
1.4 Conveyance Tunnels 6
1.5 Railway Tunnels 6
1.6 Scope of this Book 7
1.7 Definitions 7
1.8 References 9
2. Route Selection and Preliminary Investigations 11
2.1 Route Selection 11
2.1.1 Economic Consideration 11
2.1.2 Topographic Consideration 13
2.1.3 Other Considerations 15