Table Of Content

Transportation Statistics and Microsimulation Transportation Statistics and Microsimulation Clifford H. Spiegelman Eun Sug Park Laurence R. Rilett Chapman & Hall/CRC Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Chapman & Hall/CRC is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-0026-3 (Ebook-PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Kathy, Lindsey, and Abigail by C.H.S. Angela, Jeremy, and Eun Gyu by E.S.P. Katherine, Michael, Samuel, and Beverley by L.R.R. Table of Contents Preface, xvii Acknowledgments, xxiii About the Authors, xxv How to Contact the Authors and Access the Data Sets, xxvii Chapter 1 ▪ Overview: The Role of Statistics in Transportation Engineering 1 1.1 WhaT IS EngInEERIng? 2 1.2 WhaT IS TRanSpORTaTIOn EngInEERIng? 5 1.3 gOal Of ThE TExTbOOk 7 1.4 OvERvIEW Of ThE TExTbOOk 7 1.5 WhO IS ThE audIEncE fOR ThIS TExTbOOk? 8 1.6 RElax—EvERyThIng IS fInE 8 REfEREncES 9 Chapter 2 ▪ graphical Methods for displaying data 11 2.1 InTROducTIOn 1 1 2.2 hISTOgRaM 13 2.3 bOx and WhISkER plOT 1 6 2.4 QuanTIlE plOT 1 8 2.5 ScaTTER plOT 1 9 2.6 paRallEl plOT 22 2.7 TIME SERIES plOT 2 3 vii viii ◾ Table of contents 2.8 QualITy cOnTROl plOTS 2 4 2.9 cOncludIng REMaRkS 2 6 hOMEWORk pROblEMS 26 REfEREncES 27 Chapter 3 ▪ numerical Summary Measures 2 9 3.1 InTROducTIOn 2 9 3.2 MEaSuRES Of cEnTRal TEndEncy 3 0 3.2.1 Mean 3 0 3.2.2 Median 3 2 3.2.3 Trimmed Mean 3 3 3.2.4 Mode 3 3 3.2.5 Proportion 3 4 3.3 MEaSuRES Of RElaTIvE STandIng 3 5 3.3.1 Percentile 3 5 3.3.2 Quartile 3 6 3.4 MEaSuRES Of vaRIabIlITy 3 6 3.4.1 Range 3 6 3.4.2 Variance 3 7 3.4.3 Standard Deviation 3 7 3.4.4 Interquartile Range 3 8 3.4.5 Coefficient of Variation 3 8 3.5 MEaSuRES Of aSSOcIaTIOn 3 9 3.5.1 Pearson’s Sample Correlation Coefficient 40 3.5.2 Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient 4 1 3.6 cOncludIng REMaRkS 43 hOMEWORk pROblEMS 44 REfEREncES 46 Chapter 4 ▪ probability and Random variables 47 4.1 InTROducTIOn 4 7 4.2 SaMplE SpacES and EvEnTS 4 7 4.3 InTERpRETaTIOn Of pRObabIlITy 4 8 Table of contents ◾ ix 4.4 RandOM vaRIablE 5 0 4.4.1 Functions of a Random Variable 5 2 4.5 ExpEcTaTIOnS Of RandOM vaRIablES 5 3 4.5.1 Expected Values Are Linear 5 4 4.6 cOvaRIancES and cORRElaTIOn Of RandOM vaRIablES 5 4 4.7 cOMpuTIng ExpEcTEd valuES Of funcTIOnS Of RandOM vaRIablES 5 5 4.8 cOndITIOnal pRObabIlITy 5 7 4.9 bayES’ ThEOREM 5 9 4.10 cOncludIng REMaRkS 6 0 hOMEWORk pROblEMS 61 REfEREncES 63 Chapter 5 ▪ common probability distributions 6 5 5.1 InTROducTIOn 65 5.2 dIScRETE dISTRIbuTIOnS 6 6 5.2.1 Binomial Distribution 6 6 5.2.2 Poisson Distribution 6 9 5.2.3 Negative Binomial Distribution 7 1 5.3 cOnTInuOuS dISTRIbuTIOnS 7 3 5.3.1 Normal Distribution 7 4 5.3.2 t-Distribution 78 5.3.3 Lognormal Distribution 7 9 5.3.4 Exponential Distribution 8 0 5.3.5 Gamma Distribution 8 1 5.3.6 Chi-Square Distribution 8 2 5.3.7 F-Distribution 8 4 5.3.8 Beta Distribution 8 5 5.4 cOncludIng REMaRkS 8 5 appEndIx: TablE Of ThE MOST pOpulaR dISTRIbuTIOnS In TRanSpORTaTIOn EngInEERIng 87