Transportation Land Use, Planning, and Air Quality

453 Pages·2008·7.069 MB·English

by  Srinivas Pulugurtha, Robert O'Loughin & Shauna Hallmark (Editors)

T
RANSPORTATION
L U , P ,
AND SE LANNING
A Q
AND IR UALITY
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2007 TRANSPORTATION LAND USE,
PLANNING, AND AIR QUALITY CONFERENCE
July 9–11, 2007
Orlando, Florida

SPONSORED BY
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)

Transportation and Air Quality Committee
of the Transportation Research Board (TRB)

Center for Transportation Research and Education
at Iowa State University

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
at The University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Transportation and Development Institute (T&DI)
of the American Society of Civil Engineers

Edited by
Srinivas S. Pulugurtha, Ph.D., P.E.
Robert O’Loughlin
Shauna Hallmark, Ph.D.

Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Transportation Land Use, Planning, and Air Quality Conference (2007 : Orlando, Fla.)
Transportation Land Use, Planning, and Air Quality Conference 2007 : proceedings of the 2007
Transportation Land Use, Planning, and Air Quality Conference : July 9-11, 2007,
Orlando, Florida / sponsored by Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) … [et al.] ;
edited by Srinivas S. Pulugurtha, Robert O’Loughlin, Shauna Hallmark.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-7844-0960-2
ISBN-10: 0-7844-0960-9
1. Transportation--Environmental aspects--Congresses. 2. Land use--Environmental aspects--
Congresses. 3. Air quality management--Congresses. 4. Air--Pollution--Congresses. 5. Transportation--
Planning--Congresses. I. Pulugurtha, Srinivas S. II. O’Loughlin, Robert. III. Hallmark, Shauna L. IV.
United States. Federal Highway Administration. V. Title. VI. Title: Proceedings of the 2007
Transportation Land Use, Planning, and Air Quality Conference.

TD195.T7T747 2008
363.739'2--dc22 2008015229

American Society of Civil Engineers
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ISBN 978-0-7844-0960-2 Manufactured in the United States of America.

Cover photographs courtesy of (clockwise from top right) Bert Glibbery/morguefile,
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Preface
The 2007 Transportation Land-use, Planning, and Air Quality Conference held on July 9, 10,
and 11 in Orlando, FL provided a forum to address pertinent issues and to keep practicing
engineers, planners and researchers abreast of the latest developments and innovative
practices in the field of transportation planning, land-use, and air quality.

The conference brought together more than 110 planners, designers, engineers, managers, and
researchers. It provided ample opportunities to learn from experts worldwide as well as
exchange of ideas with peers in the field. The three day conference included concurrent
technical sessions on the first two days and workshops on the third day of the conference. The
concurrent sessions include (but are not limited to) community visioning and design, impacts
due to development, SAFETEA-LU planning requirements, transit innovations, climate
change, emissions, and air quality models, congestion and mitigation strategies, land-use
models, and advancements in computing technology and modeling,. The workshops topics
include US EPA MOVES Model, Land-use Models/Tools, next generation transportation
models, FHWA Mobile Source Air Toxics Methodology, and TRANSCAD.

The conference participants benefited considerably from the numerous presenters who shared
their ideas, experiences, and insights. All the presenters are thanked for their contribution.
Julie Kieffer and Jennifer Tabke of University Conference Services at Iowa State University
are thanked for their assistance with conference services.

The proceedings of the 2007 Transportation/Land-use Planning Air Quality Conference
includes selected papers that were presented at the conference. The papers included in the
proceedings went through a two step peer review process. Shauna Hallmark, Robert
O’Loughlin and Srinivas Pulugurtha coordinated the peer review process. The authors are
thanked for their hard work in preparation of manuscripts and for cooperation and patience
during the peer review process and the publication of proceedings. All the reviewers are
thanked for their input and suggestions to the authors. Arpan Desai and Kuvleshay Patel,
graduate students in the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering at the University
of North Carolina at Charlotte, are thanked for their help in formatting the papers to the
required format.

A special thanks to Federal Highway Administration who provided a significant financial
contribution which made the conference possible. The Center for Transportation Research
and Education (CTRE) at Iowa State University is thanked for its financial contribution. The
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of North Carolina at
Charlotte is thanked for its computing resources and office supplies for conference
proceedings.

Srinivas S. Pulugurtha, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE
Robert O’Loughlin
Shauna Hallmark, Ph.D., M. ASCE

iii
ivxlcdm
Acknowledgments
Conference Steering Committee

Robert O’ Loughlin, Federal Highway Administration, Conference Chair
Shauna Hallmark, Iowa State University, Technical Program Committee Chair
Srinivas S. Pulugurtha, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Conference Proceedings
Editor

Conference Planning Committee

James B. Martin, North Carolina State University
John Koupal, US Environmental Protection Agency
John Suhrbier, Cambridge Systematics, Inc.
Randall L. Guensler, Georgia Institute of Technology
Reginald Souleyrette, Iowa State University
Vicky McLane, North Front Range MPO

Sponsors

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
TRB's Transportation Air Quality Committee (ADC20)
T&DI's Planning and Economics Committee
Center for Transportation Research and Education (CTRE) at Iowa State University
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of North Carolina at
Charlotte
Center for Transportation and the Environment (CTE) at North Carolina State University
Air and Waste Management Association (AWMA)
AWMA's On and Off-Road Mobile Source Committee
Georgia Institute of Technology
T&DI’s Land-use Committee
Transportation and Development Institute of ASCE (T&DI)
Transportation Research Board (TRB)
TRB Subcommittee on Air Quality in Small and Medium Communities
TRB's Access Management Committee (ADA70)
US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)

iv
Contents

Community Visioning and Design
Neighborhood Design as a Strategy for Improving Air Quality: Evidence
from Northern California........................................................................................................1
X. Cao, S. Handy, and P. Mokhtarian
Designing Inside the Box—Strategies to Successfully Marry Smart Growth
and Context-Sensitive Transportation Initiatives...............................................................14
G. Wade Walker

Impacts Due to Development
The Impacts of Urban Development on Anthropogenic and Biogenic Emissions
and Air Quality: A Case Study in Austin, Texas..................................................................21
E. McDonald-Buller, J. Song, A. Webb, G. McGaughey, B. Zhou,
K. Kockelman, J. Lemp, B. Parmenter, and D. Allen
Linking Conservation and Land Use Planning: Using the State Wildlife Action
Plans to Protect Wildlife from Urbanization.......................................................................32
Julia Michalak and Jeff Lerner

Transportation Modeling and Local Transportation Issues
Implementing Multi-Lane Roundabouts in Urban Areas..................................................41
S. L. Thieken
Models to Measure Pedestrian Activity at Intersections....................................................52
S. S. Pulugurtha and S. Repaka
Innovative Mobility Solutions in Évora: A Historical Medium Sized City
in Portugal..............................................................................................................................59
A. S. Vasconcelos, S. Taborda, and T. L. Farias
Multinomial Modeling of Purpose Driven Trip...................................................................64
M. Penn, F. Vargas, and D. Chimba

Congestion, Reliability, and Prioritization for Transportation Planning
How Reliable Are Our Roads? A Case Study Using Charlotte, NC Data.........................79
S. S. Pulugurtha and N. Pasupuleti
Variability of Vehicle Emissions and Congestion Forecasting...........................................90
M. Claggett and H. Sarah Sun
VMT Forecasting Alternatives for Air Quality Analysis..................................................110
D. Szekeres, N. Koppula, and J. Frazier

v
Transit Innovations
Impact of Metrorail Stations in Washington, DC on Land Use and Development:
Shady Grove Metro Station Case Study.............................................................................118
V. O. Davis
Use of GPS Probe Data and Passenger Data for Prediction of Bus Transit
Travel Time...........................................................................................................................124
Y. Ramakrishna, P. Ramakrishna, V. Lakshmanan, and R. Sivanandan
Modeling Neighborhood Environment, Bus Ridership, and Air Quality:
A Case Study of Chicago Bus Service.................................................................................134
J. Lin and M. Ruan

Transit and Air Quality
Bus Public Transport Energy Consumption and Emissions versus Individual
Transportation......................................................................................................................147
C. Silva, J. Bravo, G. Gonçalves, T. Farias, and J. Mendes-Lopes
CUTE Hydrogen Bus Project: Findings and Extension to Hyfleet..................................161
G. A. Gonçalves, J. O. Portugal, and T. L. Farias

Integrating Transportation, Land Use and Air Quality
Estimating Mobile Source Emission Benefits from Land Use
Change—A Review of the State of the Practice.................................................................171
J. S. Lane
A Simulation of the Effects of Transportation Demand Management Policies
on Motor Vehicle Emissions................................................................................................182
W. Harrington, S. Houde, and E. Safirova
Integrated Impacts of Regional Development, Land Use Strategies,
and Transportation Planning on Future Air Pollution Emissions...................................192
S. Bai, D. A. Niemeier, S. L. Handy, S. Gao, J. R. Lund, and D. C. Sullivan
Using TRANUS to Construct a Land Use-Transportation-Emissions Model
of Charlotte, North Carolina...............................................................................................206
B. J. Morton, D. A. Rodríguez, Y. Song, and E. J. Cho
Linking Urban Structure and Air Quality.........................................................................219
H. Martins, A. I. Miranda, and C. Borrego
Benefits of Air Quality Simulation Models........................................................................228
B. Kim and J. Rachami

Environmental Impacts of Freight
Developing a Freight Capacity Model for Land Use Planning and Air Quality
Impact Analysis....................................................................................................................241
S. Shackelford and D. Murray
Clean Air Act General Conformity Study for the Port of Baltimore...............................250
R. P. Newman and N. K. Brown
vi
Mobile Source Air Toxics
Recommended Practices for NEPA Air Toxics Analysis of Highway Projects................261
D. A. Ernst and E. L. Carr
Traffic Emission Impacts on Air Quality near Large Roadways.....................................276
R. Baldauf, K. Black, V. Martinez, M. Gaber, E. Thomas, and D. Costa
Hazardous Air Pollutants Benefits Assessment: Houston-Galveston Case Study..........285
J. H. Wilson, Jr., M. A. Mullen, D. McKenzie, K. Thesing, A. Bollman,
H. A. Roman, and J. A. Craig

Particulate Matter
PM2.5 Source Apportionment—Case Study of Hickory, NC............................................296
J. Tippett, L. C. Lane, and J. S. Lane
Creating an Evidence Toolbox to Assist Qualitative PM2.5 and PM10
(Particulate Matter) Hot-Spot Analyses.............................................................................308
J. A. Frazier, D. Szekeres, and C. M. Reitz
Results of Implementing Aggressive PM Reduction on Non-Road Construction
Equipment at Two Lower Manhattan Project Sites..........................................................319
R. Raman

Emissions and Noise Control Strategies
Investigating the Impact of Ramp Metering from Simulation Results...........................328
S. Farahani and B. Hashemloo
A Microscopic Approach to Modeling Air Quality Impacts of HOV Lane
Conversion............................................................................................................................338
K. Boriboonsomsin and M. Barth
Study of Influence of Lane Restrictions on Vehicular Emissions
under Heterogeneous Traffic Flow.....................................................................................345
S. P. Anusha, R. Sivanandan, and S. K. Senthilraj
The Emissions Score, a Composite Measure for Ranking Transportation
Control Measures and Similar Projects in Terms of Emissions Benefits........................358
R. J. d’Abadie and R. G. Kaiser
The Influence of a Noise Barrier and Vegetation on Air Quality
near a Roadway....................................................................................................................372
G. E. Bowker, R. Baldauf, V. Isakov, A. Khlystov, W. Petersen, E. Thomas,
and C. Bailey

Electric Vehicles, Diesel and Alternative Fuels
Thriving with Neighborhood Electric Vehicles..................................................................382
T. Cosgrove, J. E. Pedri, R. O. Watkins, G. Capik, L. Rubio,
and S. Ainsworth
The Impact of Biodiesel on Emissions from School Buses...............................................395
M. Farzaneh, J. Zietsman, D. Perkinson, and D. Spillane
vii
Impact of Alternative Vehicle Technologies on Measured Vehicle Emissions.................408
H. Zhai, H. C. Frey, N. M. Rouphail, G. A. Gonçalves, and T. L. Farias

Climate Change
Transportation Planning and Climate Change: New York State.....................................415
M. P. Gaber
Potential Impacts of Climate Change and Variability for Transportation
Long-Range Planning and Investment...............................................................................427
J. H. Suhrbier

Indexes
Subject Index........................................................................................................................441
Author Index........................................................................................................................443
viii
Neighborhood Design as a Strategy for Improving Air Quality:
Evidence from Northern California

X. Cao,1 S. Handy,2 and P. Mokhtarian3

1Associate Research Fellow, Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute, North
Dakote State, University Fargo, ND, 58105, email: [email protected]
2Professor, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University Of
California Davis, CA-95616; PH [phone]: FAX [phone]; email:
[email protected]
3Professor, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University Of
California Davis, CA-95616; email: [email protected]

Abstract

The sprawling patterns of land development common to metropolitan areas of the US
have been blamed for high levels of automobile travel, and thus for air quality
problems. In response, smart growth programs – designed to counter sprawl – have
gained popularity in the US. Studies show that residents of neighborhoods with
higher levels of density, land-use mix, transit accessibility, and pedestrian
friendliness drive less than residents of neighborhoods with lower levels of these
characteristics. However, these studies have shed little light on the underlying
direction of causality – whether neighborhood design influences travel behavior or
whether travel preferences influence the choice of neighborhood. The available
evidence thus leaves a key question largely unanswered: if cities use land use
policies to bring residents closer to destinations and provide viable alternatives to
driving, will people change their behavior in ways that reduce emissions? This study
examines evidence from a study of residents of eight neighborhoods in Northern
California on the link between neighborhood design and two behaviors that affect
emissions: driving and choice of vehicle type. The study used multivariate modeling
techniques to control for socio-demographic characteristics as well as attitudes and
preferences. The results support the premise that land use policies have at least some
potential to reduce driving and ownership of light duty trucks, thereby reducing
emissions.

Key words: built environment, self-selection, smart growth, travel behavior, vehicle
type choice
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