Transport Processes in the Middle Atmosphere PDF
Preview Transport Processes in the Middle Atmosphere
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Reidel Publishing Company Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster / Tokyo Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Transport Processes in the Middle Atmosphere Erice.ltaly November 23-27. 1986 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Research WorKshop on Transport Processes in the Middle Atmosphere (1986: Erice, Sicily) Transport processes in the middle atmosphere I edited by Guido Visconti; co-editor, Rolando Garcia. p. em - (NATO ASI series. Series C, Mathematical and physical sciences; vol. 213) "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Transport Processes in the Middle Atmosphere. Erica, Italy, November 23-27. 1986"-T.p. verso. "Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division." Includes index. ISBN·13: 978-94-010·8262·4 c:·ISBN-13: 978·94·009·3973·8 DOl: 10.1007/978-94·009-3973·8 1. Middla atmosphere. 2. Dynamic meteorology. I. Visconti. Guido. It. Garcia, Rolando Victor, 191~ . III. Title. IV. Series: NATO ASI series. Series C, Math- ematical and physical sciences; no. 213. QC881.2.M53N38 1986 551.5'153-<1cI9 87-18799 CIP Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company P,O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrechl, Holland Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, lOt Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell. MA 02061, U.sA In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, p.o, Box 322,3 300 AH Dordrechl, Holland D. Reidel Publishing Company is a member of Ihe Kluwer Academic Publishers Group All Rights Reserved e 1987 by D. Rediel Publishing Company, Dordrechl, Holland, and copyrightholders as specified on appropriate pages within Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1987 No pan of the material protected by Ihis copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ................. . vii 1. DYNAMICAL CLIMATOLOGY OF THE MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE Troposphere-stratosphere general circulation statistics /M.A. GELLER and M.F. WU ....... . 3 A review of observations of the quasi-biennial and semiannual oscillations of wind and temperature in the tropical middle atmosphere/K. HAMILTON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Recent progress in gravity wave saturation studies/D.C. FRITTS 31 Radar observations of gravity waves in the mesosphere/R.A. VINCENT . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 The seasonal evolution of the stratosphere in the northern hemisphere/ A. O'NEILL and V.D. POPE . . 57 2. OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS Distributions of ozone and nitric acid measured by the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS)/J.C. GILLE 73 The near global distributions of middle atmospheric H 0 and 2 N02 measured by the NIMBUS 7 LIMS experiment/E.E. REMSBERG and J.M. RUSSELL III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Satellite measurements of stratospheric aerosols/M.P. McCORMICK and P.H. WANG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Evidence for planetary wave breaking from satellite data: The relative roles of diabatic effects and irreversible mixing/No BUTCHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Seasonal variation in the variance of stratospheric ozone and potential temperature over Hohenpeissenberg, F.R.G./E.P. ROTH and D.H. EHHALT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Satellite observations of the Antarctic ozone depletion/M.R. SCHOEBERL . . . . . 153 3. TRANSPORT IN THE MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE: THEORY AND MODELING Transport mechanisms in the middle atmosphere: An introductory survey /D.G. ANDREWS 169 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS A coupled model of zonally averaged dynamics, radiation and chemistry /K.K. TUNG ........ . 183 The influence of the semi-annual and quasi-biennial oscillations on equatorial tracer distributions /L.J. GRAY and J.A. PYLE ........ . 199 The effect of breaking gravity waves on the distribution of trace species in the middle atmosphere/G. BRASSEUR and M. HITCHMAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Modeling the transport of chemically active constituents in the stratosphere/W.L. GROSE, J.E. NEALY, R.E. TURNER and W.T. BLACKSHEAR ............... . 229 Comprehensive modeling of the middle atmosphere: The influence of horizontal resolution/J.D. MAHLMAN and L.J. UMSCHEID 251 Dynamics and tracer transport in the middle atmosphere: An overview of some recent developments/M.E. MciNTYRE 267 Evidence of planetary wave breaking in the stratosphere using a photochemical model along air parcel trajectories/J. AUSTIN 297 The production of temporal variability in trace constituents concentrations/J.R. HOLTON ........... . 313 Parcel dispersion in stratospheric models/R.A. PLUMB . . 327 Diffusion coefficients calculated from satellite data/L.V. LYJAK 343 Vacillations induced by interference of stationary and traveling planetary waves/M.L. SALBY and R.R. GARCIA 353 4. RADIATIVE PROCESSES AND TRANSPORT Response of the middle atmosphere to changing 03 and CO2- A speculative tutorial/S.B. FELS .......... . 371 The residual circulation: Interhemispheric differences and heating and eddy components/S.R. BEAGLEY and R.S. HARWOOD 387 Analysis of the mean meridional circulation using satellite data/E.R. REMSBERG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 5. OBSERVATIONAL TECHNIQUES Irregular and diurnal variability in asynoptic measurements of stratospheric trace species/M.L. SALBY ........ 423 Contribution of radar observations of winds, waves, turbulence and composition to study transport processes in the middle atmosphere/ J. ROTTGER ........... 439 Lidar sounding of the structure and dynamics of the middle atmosphere: A review of recent results relevant to transport processes /M.L. CHANIN and A. HAUCHECORNE . . . . . . . 459 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE AUTHORS 479 SUBJECT INDEX 481 PREFACE The NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Transport Processes in the Middle Atmosphere" was held in Erice, Sicily, from November 23 through November 27, 1986. In addition to NATO, the workshop was supported by the International School of Atmospheric Physics of the Ettore Majorana Center for Scientific Culture, and by the National Research Council of Italy. The Organizing Committee was fortunate to enlist the participation of many of the experts in the field, and this book is an account of their contributions. In order to expedite publication and keep the results "as fresh as possible" , it was decided to forego formal review of the papers; instead, the authors were asked to solicit internal reviews from their colleagues. Further, each paper was thoroughly discussed and criticized during the meeting, and those discussions have been taken into account in the preparation of the final version of the manuscripts. Occasional short presentations were made by some of the Workshop participants who wished to provide information complementary to that given in the invited talks. These presentations are not included in this book, which contains only the invited papers. The book is organized into five chapters corresponding to the different topics cov ered by the Workshop. The first two chapters contain general reviews of the dynamical climatology of the middle atmosphere and of the growing body of data available on the dis tribution of chemical constituents. The chapter on dynamical climatology places particular emphasis on gravity waves, and the quasi-biennial and semiannual oscillations (see, e.g., the papers by Hamilton and Fritts). Gravity waves are increasingly recognized as crucially important in the dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, while consideration of the QBO and SAO is essential for a meaningful explanation of tracer distributions at low latitudes. The role of planetary scale waves is examined in the paper by O'Neill and Pope, who use Ertel's potential vorticity to study meridional transport by large amplitude waves. The observations and analyses of chemical constituents presented in the second chap ter are based mostly on satellite data. Nevertheless, recent balloon-sonde observations of the variance of ozone and other chemical constituents described by Roth and Ehhalt demonstrate once again the advantages of a combination of measuring techniques for ob taining a complete description of constituent distributions. A possible interpretation of the observed variance is given by Holton in Chapter 3. Problems associated with measuring techniques are reported in the last chapter. At the time of the Workshop, initial results from the u.S. National Ozone Expedition were becoming available, and a discussion of the Antarctic "ozone hole" phenomenon was unavoidable. Although this topic was not part of the original agenda, an entire afternoon was devoted to it and a review by Schoeberl of certain observations relating to ozone and temperature changes is included in Chapter 2. Interpretation of climatology and other data is the aim of physical theory and nu merical modeling. These aspects are the subject of the third and fourth chapters of this volume. Comprehensive reviews on the different aspects of the transport problem by Andrews, Mcintyre and Plumb are included, together with recent developments in the viii PREFACE interpretation of some specific features. The review papers emphasize the importance of such concepts as planetary wave breaking and the Eliassen-Palm flux divergence for un derstanding large scale transport in the stratosphere. A parameterization of the EP flux in terms of mean quantities is suggested by Tung as a way to solve in a self-consistent man ner the transport problem in two-dimensional models. The papers by Lyjak and Austin show how calculation of parcel trajectories can be applied to estimate eddy diffusivities and to test the accuracy of chemical schemes, respectively. Applications of some of these ideas to two-dimensional modeling are described by Brasseur and Hitchman. Recent ad vances in three-dimensional dynamical/chemical modeling are presented by Mahlman and Umscheid, and Grose et al. The fourth chapter also deals with data interpretation and modeling but with special emphasis on radiative processes. The introduction of the Lagrangian and residual Eule rian mean circulations has simplified the description of transport in the meridional plane, although in most two-dimensional models a "diabatic" circulation is used instead. The accuracy and the problems related to this approximation are discussed in the papers by Beagley and Harwood, and Remsberg. Fels offers a very clear and simple summary of the basic concepts developed in the chapter. The final chapter is devoted to measurement techniques and contains reviews of satel lite and ground based methods. The paper by Salby explores the information content and limitations of satellite measurements which are intrinsically asynoptic. Rottger and Chanin and Hauchecorne give general reviews on the results obtained both with MST and lidar techniques that have contributed so much in the last few years to the understanding of the upper atmosphere. One wishes only that more stations using such instrumentation could be built and operated as a network. The organization of the meeting and the publication of the book required the efforts of many people. G. Fiocco and J. Pyle, members of the Organizing Committee, worked hard to help prepare a comprehensive program. The generosity of the Ettore Majorana Center and of its President, Prof. A. Zichichi, must be acknowledged especially because this Workshop marked the renaissance of the dormant School on Atmospheric Physics. On the part of NATO the kindness and support of L. Da Cunha, director of the Scientific Affairs Division, has been essential. We are especially grateful to R. Cicerone, director of the Atmospheric Chemistry Division, for his hospitality during the stay of G.V. at NCAR in the summer of 1986, and to Donna Sanerib, whose assistance with typing, correspondence and other logistical details was invaluable. In Italy, Gianna Vittorini helped on a part time but enthusiastic basis. Without their help and the support and understanding of our families the Workshop could not have been possible. Finally, one of us (G. V.) wishes to give special thanks to all the Workshop participants who came to Erice even after asking themselves "Who is this guy and what does he want from me?" Boulder, Colorado Guido Visconti August 3, 1987 Rolando R. Garcia 1. DYNAMICAL CLIMATOLOGY OF THE MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE TROPOSPHERE-STRATOSPHERE GENERAL CIRCULATION STATISTICS Marvin A. Geller and Mao-Fou Wu Laboratory for Atmospheres NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD 20771 ABSTRACT. Four years of NOAA/NMC temperature data are used to calculate mean zonal winds, planetary wave structures, and eddy heat fluxes. It is found that the interhemispheric differences in planetary wave activity give rise to substantial differences in the annual variation of the mean zonal winds and temperatures. The annual variation in the observed total ozone distribution is also found to be very different in the two hemispheres as a result of the differing ozone transports accompanying the observed planetary wave structures. 1. INTRODUCTION Recently, there has been much research activity directed toward using newly available stratospheric satellite data to obtain an improved picture of the stratospheric general circulation. Some of the recent papers of this type are those of Hamilton (1982), Smith (1983), Geller et ale (1983, 1984), Hirota et ale (1983), and Hartmann et ale (1984). There have also been recent efforts to derive various repre sentations of the mean meridional circulations from stratospheric satellite temperature data using radiative heating calculations with the thermodynamic equation (e.g., Kiehl and Solomon, 1986, Solomon et al., 1986, and Rosenfield et al., 1987). Recently, there have also been efforts to calculate ozone transports from satellite data such as the works of Wu et ale (1985, 1987). It is the purpose of this paper to discuss some of the main findings of these studies of the strato spheric general circulation. He will do this using the results derived from the four years of NOAA/NHC data that have served as the basis for the studies of Geller et ale (1983, 1984), Rosenfield et ale (1987), and Wu et ale (1987). The results of other papers will be discussed within this context. The NOAA/NMC data set has been described extensively in Geller et ale (1983) and succeeding papers. Two points should be repeated here however. First, although this data set extends up to the 0.4 mbar level (about 55 km), the temperatures at the very highest levels (2 mbar and above) are not considered reliable since there is very little 3 G. Visconti and R. Garcia (eds.), Transport Processes in the Middle Atmosphere, 3-17. © 1987 by D. Reidel Publishing Company.
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