Transport Planning and Traffic Engineering

561 Pages·2007·38 MB·English

Transport Planning
and Traffic Engineering
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Transport Planning
and Traffic Engineering
Edited by
CA O'Flaherty
Contributing authors
MGH Bell, BA (Cantab), MSc, PhD (Leeds), FIHT
PW BonsaU, BA (Oxon), DipTRE MCIT
GR Leake, BSc, MSc (Birmingham), DipTE, CEng, MICE, MIHT
AD May, MA (Cantab), FEng, FICE, MIHT, FCIT
CA Nash, BA (Econ), PhD (Leeds), MCIT
CA O'Flaherty, BE (NUI), MS PhD (Iowa State), Hon LLD (Tasmania),
CEng, FICE, FIEI, FIEAust, FCIT,,FIHT
ELSEVIER
BU'ITERWORTH
HEINEMANN
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First edition published by Arnold 1997
Reprinted 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006
Copyright (cid:14)9 1997, M.G.H. Bell, P.W. Bonsall, G.R. Leake, A.D. May,
C.A. Nash and C.A. O'Flaherty. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
The right of M.G.H. Bell, P.W. Bonsall, G.R. Leake, A.D. May,
C.A. Nash and C.A. O'Flaherty to be identified as the authors of this work has been
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06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6
Contents
About the contributors xiii
Preface XV
Acknowledgements xvi
Part I: Planning for transport
Chapter 1 Evolution of the transport task
C.A. O'Flaherty
1.1 The road in history 2
1.2 Railways, bicycles and motor vehicles 5
1.3 Some changes associated with the motor vehicle 10
1.4 Britain's road network 18
1.5 A final comment 19
1.6 References 20
Chapter 2 Transport administration and planning 21
C.A. O'Flaherty
2.1 Transport administration in Great Britain 21
2.2 The statutory land use planning process 26
2.3 Finance 27
2.4 Some transport planning considerations 28
2.5 References 41
Chapter 3 Transport policy 42
A.D. May
3.1 Introduction 42
3.2 A logical approach to transport policy formulation 42
3.3 Problem-oriented planning and the objectives-led approach 44
3.4 Types of objective 45
3.5 A possible set of objectives 46
3.6 Quantified objectives and targets 51
3.7 Problem identification 55
3.8 The instruments of transport policy 56
3.9 Infrastructure measures 57
3.10 Management measures 61
3.11 Information provision 67
3.12 Pricing measures 69
vi Contents
3.13 Land use measures 72
3.14 Integration of policy measures 74
3.15 References 76
Chapter 4 Economic and environmental appraisal of transport
improvement projects 80
C.A. Nash
4.1 Economic efficiency 81
4.2 Economic efficiency and markets 82
4.3 Valuing costs and benefits 84
4.4 Valuing environmental effects 89
4.5 Equity considerations 93
4.6 Economic regeneration considerations 94
4.7 Budget constraints 95
4.8 Appraisal criteria 95
4.9 Appraisal of pricing policies 98
4.10 Public transport appraisal 99
4.11 Final comment 100
4.12 References 101
Chapter 5 Principles of transport analysis and forecasting 103
P W. Bonsall
5.1 The role of models in the planning process 103
5.2 Desirable features of a model 104
5.3 Specification, calibration and validation 105
5.4 Fundamental concepts 106
5.5 Selecting a model 108
5.6 Classes of model available to the transport analyst 110
5.7 Transport modelling in practice 128
5.8 References 131
Chapter 6 Transport planning strategies 132
CA. O'Flaherty
6.1 Do-minimum approach 133
6.2 The land use planning approach 138
6.3 The car-oriented approach 140
6.4 The public transport-oriented approach 141
6.5 The demand management approach 147
6.6 Transport packaging 151
6.7 References 153
Chapter 7 Developing the parking plan 154
CA. O'Flaherty
7.1 Parking policy - a brief overview
154
7.2 Planning for town centre parking- the map approach
155
Contents vii
7.3 Park-and-ride 166
7.4 References 169
Chapter 8 Planning for pedestrians, cyclists and disabled people 170
G.R. Leake
8.1 Introduction 170
8.2 Identifying the needs of pedestrians, cyclists and disabled people 171
8.3 Identifying priorities of need 173
8.4 Pedestrian and cyclist characteristics and requirements influencing design 174
8.5 Special needs of elderly and disabled people 177
8.6 References 179
Chapter 9 Technologies for urban, inter-urban and rural passenger
transport systems 181
G.R. Leake
9.1 Introduction 181
9.2 Role of passenger transport systems in urban and non-urban areas 182
9.3 Desired characteristics of public transport systems 186
9.4 Urban, inter-urban and rural technologies 187
9.5 Final comment 199
9.6 References 199
Chapter 10 Planning for public transport 201
CA. Nash
10.1 Appropriate public transport modes 201
10.2 Commercial services 202
10.3 Subsidised services 205
10.4 Socially optimal pricing and service levels in public transport 207
10.5 Public transport provision in practice 209
10.6 Ownership and regulation 210
10.7 Conclusions 212
10.8 References 212
10.9 Appendix: Alternative objectives for public transport 213
Chapter 11 Freight transport planning- an introduction 214
C.A. Nash
11.1 Trends in freight transport 214
11.2 Roads and economic growth 215
11.3 Policy issues 216
11.4 Potential for rail and water 218
11.5 Conclusions 219
11.6 References 220
viii Contents
Part I1: Traffic surveys and accident investigations
Chapter 12 Issues in survey planning and design 222
P. W. Bonsall
12.1 Defining the data requirements 223
12.2 Secondary sources 223
12.3 Choice of survey insmmaent 225
12.4 Design of sampling strategy 225
12.5 The survey plan 228
12.6 Cross-sectional and time series surveys 230
12.7 Training and motivation of staff 230
12.8 Administration 231
12.9 References 231
Chapter 13 Observational traffic surveys 232
P. W. Bonsall and CA. O'Flaherty
13~1 Inventory and condition surveys 232
13.2 Vehicle flow surveys 234
13.3 Vehiclew eight surveys 238
13.4 Spot speed surveys 239
13.5 Journey speed, travel time and delay surveys 241
13.6 Origin-destination cordon and screenline surveys 244
13.7 Parking use surveys 245
13.8 Surveys of pedestrians, cyclists and public transport use 247
13.9 Environmental impact surveys 248
13.10 References 250
Chapter 14 Participatory transport surveys 252
P. W. Bonsall and CA. O'Flaherty
14.1 Group discussion 252
14.2 Household interview surveys 252
14.3 Trip end surveys 255
14.4 En-route surveys 255
14.5 Public transport user surveys 257
14.6 Attitudinal surveys 257
14.7 References 259
Chapter 15 Accident prevention, investigation and reduction 261
C.A. O'Flaherty
15.1 Traffic accident terminology 261
15.2 Accident prevention 261
15.3 Accident investigation and reduction 262
15.4 References 269
Contents ix
Part II1: Design for capacity and safety
Chapter 16 Introduction to traffic flow theory 272
A.D. May
16.1 Introduction 272
16.2 The principal parameters 272
16.3 The fundamental relationship 275
16.4 References 280
Chapter 17 Road capacity and design-standard approaches
to road design 281
C.A. O'Flaherty
17.1 Capacity definitions 281
17.2 The Highway Capacity Manual approach 282
17.3 The British design-standard approach 290
17.4 References 298
Chapter 18 Road accidents 299
CA. OTlaherty
18.1 International comparisons 299
18.2 Accident trends in Great Britain 301
18.3 Accident costs 307
18.4 Reducing the accident toll 308
18.5 References 318
Chapter 19 Geometric design of streets and highways 320
C.A. O'Flaherty
19.1 Design speed 320
19.2 Sight distance requirements 324
19.3 Horizontal alignment design 327
19.4 Verticala lignment design 333
19.5 Cross-section elements 339
19.6 Safety audits 353
19.7 References 354
Chapter 20 Intersection design and capacity 356
CoA. O'Flaherty
20.1 Types of intersection 356
20.2 Overview of the design process 357
20.3 Priority intersections 364
20.4 Roundabout intersections 369
20.5 Traffic signal-controlled intersections 377
20.6 Intersections with grade-separations 381
20.7 References 399