Transport Phenomena in Multiphase Systems

305 Pages·2018·9.423 MB·English

by  João M.P.Q. Delgado, Antonio Gilson Barbosa de Lima

Advanced Structured Materials
Volume 93
Series editors
Andreas Öchsner, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Esslingen University of
Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany
LucasF.M.daSilva,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofPorto,
Porto, Portugal
Holm Altenbach, Institute of Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
Common engineering materials reach in many applications their limits and new
developments are required to fulfil increasing demands on engineering materials.
The performance ofmaterials can beincreasedby combiningdifferent materials to
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Thisbookseriesaddressesthefundamentalrelationshipbetweenmaterialsandtheir
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The topics of Advanced Structured Materials include but are not limited to
(cid:129) classical fibre-reinforced composites (e.g. class, carbon or Aramid reinforced
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(cid:129) metal matrix composites (MMCs)
(cid:129) micro porous composites
(cid:129) micro channel materials
(cid:129) multilayered materials
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structures)
(cid:129) porous materials
(cid:129) truss structures
(cid:129) nanocomposite materials
(cid:129) biomaterials
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(cid:129) concrete
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(cid:129) smart materials
Advanced Structures Material is indexed in Google Scholar and Scopus.
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ã
Jo o M. P. Q. Delgado
Antonio Gilson Barbosa de Lima
Editors
Transport Phenomena
in Multiphase Systems
123
Editors
João M.P. Q.Delgado AntonioGilson Barbosa deLima
Faculty of Engineering Department ofMechanical Engineering
University of Porto Federal University of CampinaGrande
Porto CampinaGrande
Portugal Brazil
ISSN 1869-8433 ISSN 1869-8441 (electronic)
AdvancedStructured Materials
ISBN978-3-319-91061-1 ISBN978-3-319-91062-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91062-8
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Contents
Hygrothermal Performance Evaluation of Gypsum Plaster
Houses in Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
João M. P. Q. Delgado and P. Paula
Influence of Reinforced Mortar Coatings on the Compressive
Strength of Masonry Prisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
A. C. Azevedo, João M. P. Q. Delgado and A. S. Guimarães
Experimental Analyse ofthe Influence ofDifferent Mortar Rendering
Layers in Masonry Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
R. A. Oliveira, F. A. Nogueira Silva, C. W. A. Pires Sobrinho,
A. C. Azevedo, João M. P. Q. Delgado and A. S. Q. Guimarães
Ceramic Membranes: Theory and Engineering Applications . . . . . . . . . 111
H. L. F. Magalhães, Antonio Gilson Barbosa de Lima,
S. R. de Farias Neto, A. F. de Almeida, T. H. F. de Andrade
and V. A. A. Brandão
Unsteady State Heat Transfer in Packed-Bed Elliptic Cylindrical
Reactor: Theory, Advanced Modeling and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
R. M. da Silva, Antonio Gilson Barbosa de Lima, A. S. Pereira,
M. C. N. Machado and R. S. Santos
Advanced Study to Heat and Mass Transfer in Arbitrary Shape
Porous Materials: Foundations, Phenomenological Lumped
Modeling and Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
E. S. Lima, W. M. P. B. Lima, Antonio Gilson Barbosa de Lima,
S. R. de Farias Neto, E. G. Silva and V. A. B. Oliveira
Water Absorption Process in Polymer Composites: Theory
Analysis and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
R. Q. C. Melo, W. R. G. Santos, Antonio Gilson Barbosa de Lima,
W. M. P. B. Lima, J. V. Silva and R. P. Farias
v
vi Contents
Liquid Injection Molding Process in the Manufacturing of Fibrous
Composite Materials: Theory, Advanced Modeling and
Engineering Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
M. J. Nascimento Santos, João M. P. Q. Delgado,
Antonio Gilson Barbosa de Lima and I. R. Oliveira
Description of Osmotic Dehydration of Banana Slices Dipped in
Solution of Water and Sucrose Followed by Complementary
Drying Using Hot Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
A. F. da Silva Júnior, W. Pereira da Silva, V. S. de Oliveira Farias,
C. M. D. P. da Silva e Silva and Antonio Gilson Barbosa de Lima
Hygrothermal Performance Evaluation
of Gypsum Plaster Houses in Brazil
João M. P. Q. Delgado and P. Paula
Abstract Since the beginning of human civilization different strategies were used
in order to build healthy, comfortable and economical houses. In recent years, the
hygrothermal conditions of building’s interior has been widely studied and
parameterized. The use of gypsum plaster in building blocks, in Brazil, is still a
restricted item, due to lack of knowledge on technology. Another factor that
restricts the use of the blocks is the location of the deposits of gypsum, a material
that gives rise to the plaster, which are located in the West of the State of
Pernambuco, located far from the large consuming centers, potentially located in
the southeast of the country. However, the interest in your study is determined by
the annual consumption growth that reaches about 8% per year in Brazil. For the
development of this study, in particular for Brazil, it is important to analysis the
housing deficit in Brazil. The analysis indicates a clear need for new housing
construction in the country. Preferably should be chosen simple constructive
solutions, fast and easy to implement, without neglecting the comfort and dura-
bility.Theuseoflocalnaturalendogenousresourcessuchasgypsumplaster,canbe
an attractive solution from an environmental point of view as well as economical.
Brazilisaverylargecountrywithverydifferentclimatesthroughoutitsregions,so
it was made a comprehensive study of the country’s climate data and the con-
structive strategies adopted by NBR15220 and NBR 15575 standards, for each
bioclimatic zone, to ensure the minimum comfort conditions. The hygrothermal
analysis, reflected on the thermal comfort and night time ventilation in Brazilian
gypsumplasterhouses,wasbasedontheadaptivemodeldescribedinASHRAE55
and ISO 7730 standards for the evaluation of thermal comfort.
(cid:1) (cid:1)
Keywords Gypsum plaster Brazilian gypsum houses Hygrothermal
(cid:1) (cid:1)
performance Numerical simulation Thermal comfort
J.M.P.Q.Delgado(&)(cid:1)P.Paula
CivilEngineeringDepartment,FacultyofEngineering,UniversityofPorto,
CONSTRUCT-LFC,Porto,Portugal
e-mail:[email protected]
P.Paula
e-mail:[email protected]
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018 1
J.M.P.Q.DelgadoandA.G.BarbosadeLima(eds.),TransportPhenomena
inMultiphaseSystems,AdvancedStructuredMaterials93,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91062-8_1
2 J.M.P.Q.DelgadoandP.Paula
1 Introduction
Brazil is a country of continental dimensions, with 14,500,000 km2, and a popu-
lation that alreadyexceeds the190million inhabitants,accordingtostatisticaldata
from thelastcensus conducted in2010,by IBGE [1].The constructionofgypsum
housesemerged,inBrazil,foroverthanonedecade,andhasarousedtheinterestof
several researchers linked to the various branches of civil engineering.
Thecountryhaslargereservesofgypsumplaster,morethan1.2billiontons[2],
withwidepotentialforexploitationandexcellentlevelofpurity,andreaching95%.
Theuseofthismaterialforbuildingconstruction,aswellastheircontributiontothe
constructive industry, appears as more an alternative material with full capacity of
partial or total replacement of the materials currently used on large scale in con-
struction industry. Gypsum blocks are a building material that promises to bring
down the cost of construction by at least 30% in comparison with other materials
such as drywall system, brick walls or concrete/cement block walls.
Thus,becomesimportanttorecommendastudyofthistypeofconstruction,asa
way to increase this constructive mode in Brazil and in other countries, without,
however, forgetting the minimum requirements of comfort and energy efficiency.
The contribution of the study will bring positive consequences for regional and
local economicgrowth. The study of thermal comfort andenergy efficiency inthis
type of housing was one of the central objectives of this work.
JoãoPinheiroFoundation[3]estimatesthatthecurrentBrazilianhousingdeficit
is around 7 million units, with a methodology based on two distinct aspects: the
amountofthehousingdeficit,scalingthestockofdwellingsandtheinadequacyof
houses considering the internal specificities of this stock.
AccordingtoCEDEPLAR/UFMG[4],between2007and2023,thedemandsfor
housing in this period, added to the already accumulated deficit of 7 million,
culminated in a total of approximately 35 million of housing deficit. In the five
largest metropolitan areas, with more than 1 million inhabitants, the population
livinginslumsisveryhigh:SãoPaulo—596,000,RiodeJaneiro—520,000,Belem
—291,000, Salvador—290,000 and Recife—249,000 people.
Based on this statistical data, the motivation for a study that presents a gypsum
houseasanoptiontomitigatetheissueofBrazil’shousingdeficitisveryattractive,
assumingthatthebuildingsbuiltinplastermaypresentpotentialhabitabilitylevels,
thermal comfort and low energy consumption. However, it should be noted that
other behaviours should be examined and analysed in detail, in future works, such
as: water influence and pathologies associated, durability, acoustic behaviour,
maintenance, etc.
This work is divided in several sections presented as the following:
(cid:129) Chapter “InfluenceofReinforcedMortarCoatingsontheCompressiveStrength
ofMasonryPrisms”presentsastateoftheartrelatedtotheproblemofhousing
deficit inBrazil, a projection of housing demands, theBrazilian housing policy
after 2003, discusses the policy of house promotion by the Brazilian
Government in the last years, presents an exhibition of energy policy in Brazil
HygrothermalPerformanceEvaluation… 3
and finishing with an approach of the Brazilian bioclimatic zones with very
different prevalent climates. In this section it is also presented the Brazilian
legislationassociatedtothestudyofthethermalperformanceofbuildingsbuilt
inthecountry:NBR15220-3[5]concerningthedifferentbioclimaticzonesand
NBR 15575-5 [6] which refers to the thermal performance of single-family
residentialbuildingsandmulti-familiars,inadditiontoRTQ-Rregulationwhose
function is to complement the two last standards with regard to the issue of
energy efficiency in buildings;
(cid:129) Chapter “Experimental Analyse of the Influence of Different Mortar Rendering
LayersinMasonryBuildings”presentsa brief analyses ofthethermalcomfort,
comfort-related concepts and their evaluation parameters, presents the models
proposed by the standards comfort ASHRAE 55 [7], EN 15251 [8] and ISO
7730 [9], deals with the LNEC model and its similarities with ASHRAE 55
model and culminates with the presentation and justification of the model
adopted to delineate the comfort in this research works. In this section is still
exposed a study on night ventilation and their contributions to the comfort as
well as a synthesis of the studies related to the topic;
(cid:129) Finally, Chapter “Ceramic Membranes: Theory and Engineering Applications”
presents an approach related to the plaster; make an exploratory study about
advancingthis constructive modality, particularly inthenorth-easternregionof
Brazil and their projections to the country. It is presented a national and inter-
national history of legislation regarding the use of plaster as constructive
material. Some questions addressed in this section, such as durability, has not
been analysed in this work and the authors suggest their study in future
researches.
2 Brazilian Housing Deficit and Thermal Performance
Requirements
2.1 Brazilian Housing Deficit
Maricato [10] states that a significant number of Brazilians lives in housing pre-
carious conditions. A research of housing deficit in Brazil, developed by the João
PinheiroFoundation(FJP)[3],inpartnershipwithMinisterofCities,estimatedthat,
in2007,thehousingdeficitinBrazilisapproximatelyof6,300,000ofhouseholds;
and more than 10,500,000 households were not equipped with any infrastructure.
These results show that about 40–50% of the population of the large Brazilian
centers living in precarious conditions, being 20% in slums.
A study published by the Minister of Cities-MC [11], atthe same time, ensures
that 92% of the Brazilian housing deficit corresponds to a population with income
between zero and 5 minimum salaries; and 84% of this value, refers to Brazilians
framed income range between 0 and 3 minimum wages.