Transport Phenomena in Mesoscopic Systems: Proceedings of the 14th Taniguchi Symposium, Shima, Japan, November 10–14, 1991

277 Pages·1992·26.839 MB·English

by  T. Ando, H. Fukuyama (auth.), Professor Hidetoshi Fukuyama, Professor Tsuneya Ando (eds.)

109 Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences
Edited'by Peter Fulde
Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences
Editors: M. Cardona P. Fulde K. von Klitzing H.-J. Queisser
Managing Editor: H. K.V. Lotsch Volumes 1-89 are listed at the end of the book
90 Earlier and Recent Aspects of Superconductivity Editors: J. G. Bednorz and K. A. Müller
91 Electronic Properties of Conjugated Polymers III Basic Models and Applications
Editors: H. Kuzmany, M. Mehring, and S. Rotb
92 Physics and Engineering Applications of Magnetism Editors: Y. Ishikawa and N. Miura
93 Quasicrystals Editors: T. Fujiwara and T. Ogawa
94 Electronic Conduction in Oxides By N. Tsuda, K. Nasu, A. Yanase, and K. Siratori
95 Electronic Materials A New Era in Materials Science
Editors: J. R. Chelikowsky and A. Franciosi
96 Electron Liquids By A. Isihara
97 Localization and Confinement of Electrons in Semiconductors
Editors: F. Kuchar, H. Heinrich, and G. Bauer
98 Magnetism and the Electronic Structure of Crystals
By V. A. Gubanov, A. I. Liechtenstein, and A.V. Postnikov
99 Electronic Properties of High-Tc Superconductors and Related Compounds
Editors: H. Kuzmany, M. Mehring, and J. Fink
100 Electron Correlations in Moleeules and Solids By P. Fulde
101 High Magnetic Fields in Semiconductor Physics III
Quantum Hall Effect, Transport and Optics By G. Landwehr
102 Conjugated Conducting Polymers Editor: H. Kiess
103 Molecular Dynamies Simulations Editor: F. Yonezawa
104 Products of Random Matrices in Statistical Physics
By A. Crisanti, G. Paladin, and A. Vulpiani
105 Self-Trapped Excitons By K. S. Song and R. T. Williams
106 Physics ofHigh-Temperature Superconductors Editors: S. Maekawa and M. Sato
107 Electronic Properties of Polymers Orientation and Dimensionality of Conjugated Systems
Editors: H. Kuzmany, M. Mehring, and S. Roth
108 Site Symmetry in Crystals Theory and Applications
By R. A. Evarestov and V.V. Smimov
109 Transport Phenomena in Mesoscopic Systems Editors: H. Fukuyama and T. Ando
H. Fukuyama . T. Ando (Eds.)
Transport Phenomena
in Mesoscopic Systems
Proceedings of the 14th Taniguchi Symposium,
Shima, Japan, November 10-14, 1991
With 129 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
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Budapest
Professor Hidetoshi Fukuyama
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
Professor Tsuneya Ando
Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo
7-22-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan
Series Editors:
Professor Dr., Dres. h. c. Manuel Cardona
Professor Dr., Dr. h. c. Peter Fulde
Professor Dr., Dr. h. c. Klaus von Klitzing
Professor Dr., Dres. h. c. Hans-Joachim Queisser
Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1 .
W- 7000 Stuttgart 80, Fed. Rep. of Germany
Managing Editor:
Dr. Helmut K.Y. Lotsch
Springer-Verlag, Tiergartenstrasse 17, W -6900 Heidelberg, Fed. Rep. of Germany
ISBN-13 :978-3-642-84820-9 e-ISBN- 13 :978-3 -642-84818-6
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-84818-6
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Transport phenomena in mesoscopic systems: proceedings
ofthe 14th Taniguchi symposium, Shima, Japan, November 10-14, 1991/ H. Fukuyama, T. Ando. p. cm. -(Springer
series in solid-state sciences ; 109) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-387-55794-6
1. Mesoscopic phenomena (Physics)-Congresses. 2. Transport theory-Congresses. 1. Fukuyama, H. (Hidetoshi),
1942. II. Ando, Tsuneya, 1945- . III. Series. QCI76.8.M46T73 1992 530.4'I-dc20 92-28119
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Preface
This volume contains the proceedings of the Fourteenth Thniguchi Symposium
on the Theory of Condensed Matter, which was held from November 10 to 14,
1991, at the Shima Kanko Hotel, Shima, Japan. The topic of the symposium was
Physics 0/ Mesoscopic Systems.
Mesoscopic systems have been developed band in band with the recent progress
in nanotechnology and are the melting pot of basic science and technology. In
nanostructures, the quantum effect of the electron wave manifests itself because
of the limited dimensionality of the structure. The most typical features of these
structures are the discreteness of the energy spectrum and the interference effect
of electron waves, which have led to various fascinating phenomena. The purpose
of this symposium was to discuss the latest developments in mesoscopic systems,
especially transport phenomena, from the viewpoint of basic physics.
This volume starts with an introduction to the field of mesoscopic systems
together with the paper by Prof. R. Kubo, who was the first to note the existence
of particular features of discrete energy levels in small metallic particles. In Part
II the electronic states of quantum dots and the conductance through them are
discussed. Tunneling via small structures and junctions is studied in Part ill.
Part IV discusses some features of conductance fluctuations, while the various
properties of electron waves in quantum wires are treated in Part V. The features
of quantum Hall currents in quantum wires are explored in Part VI. In Parts
ll-VI, the electronic current with dissipation, i.e. transport currents, is of main
interest, while in Part vn the nature of the persistent currents induced by an
external magnetic field is studied in the presence of boundaries. Finally, in Part
vm,
another type of current flow in small structures, the Josephson current, is
discussed.
The symposium was financially supported by the Thniguchi Foundation, which
sponsors 15 series of similar symposia, including the present one on the theory of
condensed matter. The symposia were conceived by Mr. Toyosaburo Taniguchi,
whose donation established the Taniguchi Foundation. The speech he delivered
at the reception in Kyoto after the symposium is given in the Foreword, from
which the philosophy behind his thoughtful activity is evident. On behalf of all
the participants we would like to express our sincere thanks to Mr. Taniguchi
and the Taniguchi Foundation. We especially wish good health to Mr. Taniguchi,
who has an ever inspiring and positive attitude to basic science.
Tokyo, Hidetosm Fulruyama
May 1992 Tsuneya Ando
v
Participants in the Taniguchi International Symposium
November 10-14, 1991 (at Kanko Hotel, Shima, Japan)
Seated (left to right)
E. Hanamura, J.E. Mooij, Mrs. Imry, Mrs. Mooij, Y. Nagaoka, R. Kubo, Y. Imry,
H. Fukuyama, A.D. Stone, P.A. Lee, T. Ando
Second row (left ro right)
D.E. Khmelnitzkii, T. Chakraborty, H. Ebisawa, D. Yoshioka, S. Katayama, H. Lotseh,
A. Kawabata, A. Okiji, K. Kawamura, H.U. Baranger
Third row (left to right)
A. Furusaki, S. Iwabuchi, Y. Ono, Y. Isawa, M. Ueda, H. Akera, H. Yoshioka, H. Tamura,
C.W.J. Beenakker
VI
Foreword
Speech by Toyosaburo Taniguchi
Dr. Kubo, Distinguished Guests, and Friends:
The Taniguchi Foundation wishes to welcome the participants of the Four
teenth International Symposium on the Theory of Condensed Matter, who have
come from within this country and from different parts of the world. 1 feel priv
ileged, as a Japanese industrialist, to be given the opportunity of meeting with
the world-farnous scholars attending this symposium.
The concept of the symposium is unique in that participants, both Japanese
and from abroad, are limited in number so as to form small discussion groups, a
result of my desire to see scientists living together, although for a short period,
as a elose-knit community. It is easy to talk about, but difficult to realize, the
ideal of international friendship and understanding in a world which is steadily
growing smaller.
We are deeply indebted to Dr. Kubo and his associates for their efforts which
made this particular symposium possible. Any praise, therefore, should be directed
to all those who have lent their support to this program.
So far, 1 have met in person a total of 103 participants in this Division from
22 foreign countries and 212 participants from Japan. Whenever 1 meet with
participants of our symposia, both young and old, 1 arn always impressed by the
unselfishness and sincerity of the dedication they show in the pursuit of their aims.
1 hope and trust that, even after they have reached the heights of academic farne
during the coming decades, they will continue to join forces and help to forge
closer bonds of friendship and cooperation that will make major contributions,
not only to academia, but also towards world peace and the welfa re of mankind.
In conclusion, we hope that all the participants will return home with warm
memories of this symposium and the pleasant times that we have shared.
Thank you.
VII
Contents
Part I Introduction
Quantum Transport in Mesoscopic Systems: An Introduction
By T. Ando and H. Fukuyama (With 21 Figures) ................ 3
Meso-scopic Physics of Small Metallic Particles
By R. Kubo ...................•...................... 25
n
Part Quantum Dots
Small Structures: A Laboratory
for Studying Strongly Interacting Systems
By P.A. Lee (With 1 Figure) ............................. .31
Statistical Theory of Coulomb Blockade
and Resonant Thoneling Oscillations in Quantum Dots
By A.D. Stone, R.A. Jalabert, and Y. Alhassid (With 4 Figures) 39
Electron Charge Distribution and Transport in Mesoscopic Systems
By A. Kawabata (With 3 Figures) ........................... 53
Electronic Properties of Quantum Dots and Quantum Rings
in Magnetic Fields
By T. Chakraborty and P. PietiIäinen (With 7 Figures) ............. 61
Partill Tunneling
Single Charges in Networks of Small Capacitance Thonel Junctions
By J.E. Mooij (With 7 Figures) ............................ 75
Fermi-Surface Effects in SmaIl-Capacitance Thonel Junctions
By M. Ueda (With 1 Figure) .............................. 83
Thoneling Processes in Double Barrier Structures
By Y. Isawa (With 3 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 93
IX
PartN Conductance Fluctuation
Quantum Interference in Ballistic Cavities:
Conductance Fluctuations and Weak Localization
By H.U. Baranger, R.A. Jalabert, and A.D. Stone (With 4 Figures) .... 103
Numerical and Analytical Studies of Quantum Transport
in Quantum Wires
By H. Tamura and T. Ando (With 10 Figures) .................. 117
Enhancement of Conductance Fluctuations
in the Diffusive and Near the Ballastic Regimes
By S. Iwabuchi, H. Higurashi, and Y. Nagaoka (With 7 Figures) ...... 129
Part V Quantum Wires
Magnetotransport in Quantum Wires with Boundary Roughness
By H. Akera and T. Ando (With 8 Figures) .................... 143
Shape Dependence of Ballistic Transport in Mesoscopic Systems
By A. Okiji and H. Kasai (With 12 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 153
Application of the Kirchhoff-Helmholtz Formula
to the Evaluation of Wave Functions in Mesoscopic Systems
By K. Kawamura, T. Ueta, and H. Sawano (With 2 Figures) 163
Quantum Mechanics of an Electron on a Curved Surface
By Y. Nagaoka and M. Ikegami (With 2 Figures) ................ 167
Nonlocal Coupling of Magnetoplasma Modes
in Lateral Quantum-Wire Superlattices
By S. Katayama (With 4 Figures) ........................... 175
Part VI Quantum Hall Effects
Roles of Bulk Extended States in Quantum Wires
in High Magnetic Fields
By T. Ando (With 7 Figures) .............................. 185
Probes as Part of the System in the Quantum Hall Regime
By Y. Ono (With 3 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 195
Part VII Persistent Current and Orbital Magnetism
Spectral Correlations, Symmetry Breaking
and Novel Orbital Magnetic Effects in Mesoscopics
By Y. Imry (With 1 Figure) ............................... 205
x
Fluctuation of the Orbital Magnetism
By D. Yoshioka and H. Fukuyama (With 4 Figures) 221
vm
Part Proximity EiTect of Superconductivity
Three "Universal" Mesoscopic Josephson Effects
By C.W.J. Beenakker (With 3 Figures) ....................... 235
OC Josephson Effect of Superconducting Quantum Point Contacts
By A. Furusaki (With 3 Figures) . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 255
Fluctuations of Josephson Currents in Mesoscopic Systems
By H. Yoshioka and H. Fukuyama (With 7 Figures) .............. 263
Phase Coherence of Normal Electrons in Mesoscopic Composite Systems
with Normal and Superconducting Segments
By H. Ebisawa (With 5 Figures) •........................... 273
Index of Contributors .................................. 283
XI