Transport and Reactivity of Solutions in Confined Hydrosystems PDF
Preview Transport and Reactivity of Solutions in Confined Hydrosystems
NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - C: Environmental Security Transport and Reactivity of Solutions in Confined Hydrosystems Edited by Lionel Mercury Niels Tas Michael Zilberbrand AB3 Transport and Reactivity of Solutions in Confined Hydrosystems NATO Science for Peace and Security Series This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Programme:ScienceforPeaceandSecurity(SPS). The NATO SPS Programme supports meetings in the following Key Priority areas: (1) Defence Against Terrorism; (2) Countering other Threats to Security and (3) NATO, PartnerandMediterraneanDialogueCountryPriorities.Thetypesofmeetingsupported are generally “Advanced Study Institutes” and “Advanced Research Workshops”. The NATO SPS Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organizedbyscientistsfromNATOcountriesandscientistsfromNATO’s“Partner”or “MediterraneanDialogue”countries.Theobservationsandrecommendationsmadeatthe meetings,aswellasthecontentsofthevolumesintheSeries,reflectthoseofparticipants andcontributorsonly;theyshouldnotnecessarilyberegardedasreflectingNATOviews orpolicy. Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses to convey the latest developmentsinasubjecttoanadvanced-levelaudience Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but informalexchangeofviewsatthefrontiersofasubjectaimsatidentifyingdirectionsfor futureaction Followingatransformationoftheprogrammein2006theSerieshasbeenre-namedand re-organised.Recentvolumesontopicsnotrelatedtosecurity,whichresultfrommeetings supportedundertheprogrammeearlier,maybefoundintheNATOScienceSeries. TheSeriesispublishedbyIOSPress,Amsterdam,andSpringer,Dordrecht,inconjunction withtheNATOEmergingSecurityChallengesDivision. Sub-Series A. ChemistryandBiology Springer B. PhysicsandBiophysics Springer C. EnvironmentalSecurity Springer D. InformationandCommunicationSecurity IOSPress E. HumanandSocietalDynamics IOSPress http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springer.com http://www.iospress.nl SeriesC:EnvironmentalSecurity Transport and Reactivity of Solutions in Confined Hydrosystems editedby Lionel Mercury InstituteofEarthSciences,UniversityofOrléans,Orléans,France Niels Tas DepartmentofTransducersScienceandTechnology,MESA+Institute forNanotechnology,UniversityofTwente,Enschede,TheNetherlands and Michael Zilberbrand IsraeliWaterAuthority,theHydrologicalService,ResearchDivision, Jerusalem,Israel 123 PublishedinCooperationwithNATOEmergingSecurityChallengesDivision ProceedingsoftheNATOAdvancedResearchWorkshopon AlternativeWaterResourcesinAridAreasbyRetrievingWater fromSecondarySources EinBokek,Israel 7–11May2012 ISBN978-94-007-7543-5(PB) ISBN978-94-007-7533-6(HB) ISBN978-94-007-7534-3(e-book) DOI10.1007/978-94-007-7534-3 PublishedbySpringer, P.O.Box17,3300AADordrecht,TheNetherlands. www.springer.com Printedonacid-freepaper AllRightsReserved ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rightsare reserved by the Publisher,whether thewholeor partof the materialisconcerned,specificallythe rightsof translation, reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilms or inanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplicationofthispublicationorparts thereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthePublisher’s location,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfrom Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyright ClearanceCenter.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibilityfor any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material containedherein. Preface – Transport and Reactivity of Solutions in Confined Hydrosystems The arid regions experience geopolitical and sociological problems which are relatedtothelackofwater.Yet,itiswell-knownthatsomeresidualwaterremains insidethethinnerpartoftheporousspaceinthesoil,possiblybeingsupportedbya non-rainfallrechargelinkedtodewformation.Thisresidualnon-evaporatingliquid intheunsaturatedzoneisoccludedinthinporesandchannelsandcanbestabilized in various ways: by capillary bridges concavely curved towards the atmosphere, by tiny filled porous spaces (solid-liquid-solid confinement) or by deposition on solidsurfacesasadsorbedthinfilms(solid-liquid-airconfinement).Theproperties of the liquid in each of these situations are of special interest for the management ofthemobilityandretentionofthisresidualwater.Thepathwayofrechargewater downwardstoaquifersthroughthisunsaturatedzoneisverycomplex,particularly becauseofcombiningstructuralandtexturalheterogeneitieswithpreferentialflow coexistingwithalmostimmobilewaterdomains.Evendeeper,inthesaturatedzone, it remains still a challenge to safely predict the reactive pathway of water-rock- pollutant interactions in natural settings, because of a similar complexity in the relationshipbetweenthestructureofthehostingporousnetwork,andthereactivity andmigrationpropertiesoftheguestfluids. The scientific context is therefore wide enough, and the general aims of the workshopwere: – To define and discuss the different angles of view towards confinement and capillarity, with particular emphasis on the practical consequences in terms of massbalanceandfluxinrealchannelsandpores,eitherofsyntheticorofnatural materials – To bring together a number of leading scientists in the field of the theoretical description,experimentalinvestigation,and/orphenomenologicalmodelingand tohaveaninter-disciplinaryexchangearoundthegood,thebad,andtheuglyin eachconceptualframe v vi Preface–TransportandReactivityofSolutionsinConfinedHydrosystems Altogether30participantsfrom11countriesattendedthe5-dayworkshop.Some additional colleagues working at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, quite close to the workshop venue, attended some of the sessions. The main feature of this group was its large interdisciplinarity: the scientific fields encompassed nano-/micro-fluidics,fundamentalsofsurfaceforces,fluidphysics,porousmaterials science,treephysiology,soilhydrodynamicsandchemistry,andreactivetransport in aquifers. This scientific scope allowed the group to tackle the “confinement- phases-network” triangle at different scales with very different approaches. The main goal of the present book of proceedings is to reflect the inter-disciplinary exchangesexperiencedbytheparticipants:sharingcommonknowledgefromsuch differentpointsofviewthat,sometimes,itcouldbefeltlikedifferenttopics. The book is organized thematically into four parts, preceded by a general introductiontothesurfaceforceswhichareclearlythenutshellofthespecialphysics arising around interfaces and inside restricted spaces. The first theme focuses on pore water flow at different scales, either to describe its special features in restrictedspacesortodefinethepropertiesthatcausetheliquidtoremainimmobile (“Flow:fromnano-tomega-scale”).Thesecondthemedealswiththecorresponding topic of the solute movement and behavior under the same surface forces fields, introducingthestrongeffectofcoulombicforcesinthediscussion(“Ions,hydration andtransport”).Thethirdthemestartsthestudyofphasetransitionswiththeliquid- vapor phase transition of superheated liquid. Superheating is a common event in natural thin channels and pores, especially under arid conditions, and the end of thismetastablestateisreachedthroughanexplosiveboiling(knownascavitation), which is of fundamental and naturalistic value (“In-channels/pores cavitation”). The fourth and last part goes beyond to the solid-liquid phase transitions and their specific behavior when a growing crystal is confined in a thin channel or poreandbroughtinnanometricproximitytothehostsolid(“Crystallizationunder confinement”). Each part is briefly introduced by commenting the logics of the different contributions with respect to the workshop guidelines and the global questioning in the corresponding communities. In the rest of this foreword, we would like to describe how the workshop itself was organized and which lessons welearntfromthisexperience. Scientific Program TheintroductorylecturewasdeliveredbyJacobIsraelachvili,worldwiderenowned forhisin-depthresearchesonsurfacesandinterfacialforces,onbothexperimental and theoretical points of view. He presented the static (interaction) and dynamic (viscous) properties of water adjacent to single mineral surfaces (solid-liquid interface)aswellasofwaterconfinedbetweentwosuchsurfaces.Thistopicallowed him to open the discussion on the main force fields able to modify the classic Preface–TransportandReactivityofSolutionsinConfinedHydrosystems vii behavior of liquids, which are the direct or indirect causes of many phenomena, furtherelaboratedduringtheworkshop. The seven other keynote lectures structured the program according to one thematic session per half-day or day. The Tuesday was devoted to the nano- scale(propertiesandmechanisms),indirectcontinuationofIsraelachvili’slecture. The first half-day (keynote speaker: Sumita Pennathur) focused on nanofluidics and especially on the role of electrokinetics. In this and subsequent sessions the dynamicandstaticbehaviorofwaterconfinedinsyntheticporeswerediscussed,and manydirectconsequencesorassociatedphenomenaweredeveloped:dissolutionin nanochannels, electrocavitation (induced by electro-osmotic flow), proton release and pH of the in-filling liquid, ion or molecule transport, elastocapillary pressure andthedeformationofthechannelhost,seismoelectriceffect.Thesecondhalf-day (keynote speaker: O. Vinogradova) dealt with the surface forces, not as a general topicbutrelatedtodiversepracticalsituations:sliponsuperhydrophobicsurfaces, the stability of confined electrolyte solutions, and the computer simulations of solid/liquidinterfaceswithclay,cement,andpolymermembranes. TheWednesday(keynotespeaker:DaniOr)focusedontheporescaleprocesses, especially on the conceptual modeling of the gas-liquid (evaporation, water flow and retention, fingering) and solid-liquid equilibria (pressure solution) in natural pores.Keyobservationwasthatmovingfromthedesigned“pure”materialstothe complexity and heterogeneity of natural samples requires to develop a simplified sketchofthestudiedvolume,onlycapturingtherelevantfeaturestoaccountforthe evolutionthroughtime. TheThursdaywasentitled“Pore/channeltonetwork”,progressivelyshiftingto aglobalgraspof3dmaterialsandtheroleandpropertiesofthein-fillingfluids.The first half-day (keynote speaker: Michael Steiger) was essentially focused on salt crystallization in pores with the important issue of the location and the dynamics oftheprecipitation,butalsothewaysaltscancolonizein-porespaces.Thespecial behaviorofhydratesinporeswasstudied,withtheporesizeeffectbutalsotherole of the metastable solids. The second half-day (keynote speaker: John Sperry) was relatedtothecavitationeventsinnature(treesxylem,soilchannels,mudvolcanoes). This topic was approached by measurements in situ and ex situ, by analogous experimentsinlabsandbythermodynamiccalculations(equationofstate). Thelasthalf-daywasdevotedtothereactivetransportissue,especiallyconnected tothecorrectwaytoinvolvelocalheterogeneities(porespaces,chemicalcomposi- tion,waterstate)inthemodelingofextendednaturalmedia. Discussions Theformatoftheworkshopdiddeviatefromconventionalscientificcongressesthat mainly present validated results to its natural audience (“the community”). Here, the speakers tried to present a state-of-the-art of questions and methods in their viii Preface–TransportandReactivityofSolutionsinConfinedHydrosystems area, while presenting their own approaches and originality. That resulted in the presentationofmanyongoinginvestigations,makingthedebatelessaffirmativebut more reflective for many participants, even those belonging to the speaker fields. Theworkshopalsoofferedtomanyofusachancetoseephenomenacloselyrelated to our own, but from different angles of view, described in different vocabularies andstudiedbydifferentmethodologies. Thefocusoftheeventwastoencouragefruitfuldiscussionshenceallparticipants were introduced at the beginning of the symposium, with their expertise and their special interests. The lectures were held in an informal atmosphere making it easy to intervene during the talk with commentaries or questions. The timing was consequently difficult to follow, with lively exchanges of ideas and opinions amongsttheparticipants,duringthetalksandthequestiontimes.Itwasespecially noticeable that the general interest for each other did not fade through the whole period of the workshop despite the broad range of topics. The discussions in the technicalsessionsafterthepresentationsdidhighlightsomemaintopics,whichwill besummarizedinthefollowing. Outcomes Duringtheentiresymposiumitbecameobviousthatthedifferentcommunitiesare speaking different “languages”. The gap between the micro-/nanofluidics commu- nityandthenaturalporesciencescommunityforexamplewasquiteclear,despite the fact that they share work on channels filled with liquids. The real difference stemsfromtheirrequisitesandgoals.Thenanofluidicscommunityworkswithwell- designed systems and pure materials and targets a global understanding of these exactsystemsaswellasthephenomenaarisinginside.Thenaturalporessciencestry firsttounderstandwhichfeaturesareessential(inwhichperspective?)toafterwards simplify the original (too complex) case studies in such a way that they can be quantitativelymodeled.Thegameisthentotesttheinitialassumptionsbymatching theresultsofsimulationsormodelingwithpracticalobservationsormeasurements. We could as well highlight the gap between the theoreticians and the naturalists, linkedtothedistinctionbetweenpossibletheoreticalstates(physicalchemistry)and practicalstates(naturalobservations). These two distinctions, and all the new concepts learnt when listening to colleagues from other scientific areas, made the workshop interesting for every participant,livelyandinteractive.Meanwhile,themultidisciplinaritycausedasort oflimitationtodefineimmediatepracticaloutcome(s),thoughthecross-fertilization was felt very useful by all the participants. Upscaling the nano-processes and consideringhowtheycanactinnaturalsettingsatlocal(centimetric)andregional (megametric)scalesweredefinedasoneofthemainchallengesoffurtherresearch. Atthefinalroundtable,theparticipantsexpressedfullsatisfactiontohaveattended Preface–TransportandReactivityofSolutionsinConfinedHydrosystems ix the workshop, predominantly because it broadened their scientific knowledge, and improved their networking. The informal setting, the opportunity to have discussions with colleagues from different, yet related, disciplines were often outlinedinafter-workshopmessages,aswellasthechancetogainnewperspectives on research, especially by meeting potential collaborators. Despite this positive feeling,manyparticipantswerereluctanttobuildaproceedingsbook,becausethe workshopalsohighlightedthedifferencesandthebarriersfromonecommunityto theother. Most of the participants agree that in the future the impact of confinement, superheating and capillarity on a better understanding of the natural phenomena shouldbedeveloped. Thestudiesthatcoupleddifferentproperties,likethecavita- tion processes (in nanochannels, membranes, glass capillaries, xylems, soil pores, etc.), the special nanoscale transport properties (related to the electrical double layer), the deformations due to the elastocapillary pressure (again, in different materials),theinterplaybetweenthechemicalcompositionofthefillingliquidsand thesurfaceforces,attractedmuchattention.Alsocriticalistheuseofwell-defined nanochannels, not only to understand fundamental properties but also to serve as analogousmaterialstomeasureandquantifyparametersspecifictotheirscale.This knowledgecouldbeembeddedinrenewedlarge-scalemodelling.Thenanochannels areknownaskeyelementsin“Labonachip”systems,buttheworkshopmadeclear to the participants that they could constitute “Nature on a chip” model systems as well. The major outcome of the workshop was that the participants experienced the gap between fundamental science and research applied to natural sciences, and that the different communities talked to each other. By doing that, they started to learn each other’s “languages” and were introduced to the problems and needs of the others. The event was an excellent start of a multi-disciplinary effort to develop cross-fertilization between physics, chemistry, biology, soil and earth sciences. Conclusion Eventually, we hope that the present proceedings book will reflect the valuable experiencewelivedthroughduringthisworkshop,andwillgiveaclearimpression toreadersoftherichnessgainedbycrossingdisciplinestogointotheterraincognita “wherenobodyfeelscomfortable”,asoneoftheparticipantssummedup. This workshop was supported mainly by the NATO (grant ESP.MD.ARW 984162), but benefited as well of supports from the French ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche; grants CONGE BLAN-61001 & labex Voltaire ANR-10-LABX-100-01), the French embassy in Israel, the MESAC Institute for Nanotechnology(TheNetherlands), andtheUniversityofOrléans(France).
The list of books you might like
