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Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering Honghua Zhao Gangqiang Kong Wanghua Sui Transparent Soil Modelling Technique and Its Application Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering Series Editors Sheng-Hong Chen, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China Marco di Prisco, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy Ioannis Vayas, Institute of Steel Structures, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering (STCE) publishes the latest developments in Civil Engineering-quickly, informally and in top quality. The series scope includes monographs, professional books, graduate textbooks and edited volumes, as well as outstanding PhD theses. Its goal is to cover all the main branches of civil engineering, both theoretical and applied, including: • Construction and Structural Mechanics • Building Materials • Concrete, Steel and Timber Structures • Geotechnical Engineering • Earthquake Engineering • Coastal Engineering; Ocean and Offshore Engineering • Hydraulics, Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering • Environmental Engineering and Sustainability • Structural Health and Monitoring • Surveying and Geographical Information Systems • Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) • Transportation and Traffic • Risk Analysis • Safety and Security Indexed by Scopus To submit a proposal or request further information, please contact: Pierpaolo Riva at [email protected] (Europe and Americas) Wayne Hu at [email protected] (China) · · Honghua Zhao Gangqiang Kong Wanghua Sui Transparent Soil Modelling Technique and Its Application Honghua Zhao Gangqiang Kong State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis School of Civil and Transportation for Industrial Equipment Engineering Department of Engineering Mechanics Hohai University Dalian University of Technology Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Dalian, Liaoning, China Wanghua Sui School of Resources and Geosciences China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China ISSN 2366-259X ISSN 2366-2603 (electronic) Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering ISBN 978-981-19-6824-2 ISBN 978-981-19-6825-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6825-9 Jointly published with Science Press The print edition is not for sale in China (Mainland). Customers from China (Mainland) please order the print book from: Science Press. © Science Press 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publishers, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remain neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface It gives me immense pleasure to present this book on Transparent Soil Modelling Technique and Its Application for graduate students and professional researchers in geotechnical engineering and granular mechanics. This book presented the latest development in transparent soil modelling technique and more application examples and hence can provide better reference and guidance for the further usage of this technique. Aim During my Ph.D. study, I came across the concept of “transparent soil”, which trig- gered my great interests on this topic. It is well known that natural soil is opaque, for the geotechnical people like me, it is difficult to guess what really happened inside the soil. What we observed commonly is only the phenomena that happened on the surface or the boundaries of soil mass. Through embedded transducers, discrete infor- mation can be obtained for what happened inside the soil mass, but it is not a whole field information. There are some advanced techniques such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMRI), Computed Tomography (CT) and X-Ray Computed Tomography (X-CT) that can capture the full image inside the soil mass. However, these techniques are sophisticated and of high cost to install and operate for daily research activities, on the other hand, also limited in the model size. Therefore, I devoted myself into the transparent soil modelling technique in my Ph.D. research life from 2002 to 2007. At that time, Dr. Iskander at New York University has done a pioneer work to advance the transparent soil modelling technique. They have system- atically investigated several materials that can make transparent soil, compared their geotechnical properties with the natural soil and applied digital image correlation (DIC) to obtain the displacement field. They applied this technique to investigate some geotechnical problems such as shallow foundation and 2D multiphase flow in transparent soil. I have started to investigate the dynamic properties of transparent soils of silica gel and applied it to investigate the dynamic soil-structure interaction v vi Preface problem. These earlier works were compiled into the first book on the transparent soil modelling by Dr. Iskander in 2010. Since then, more and more research works in geotechnical engineering and gran- ular mechanics were conducted with the help of transparent soil modelling technique. Many new types of transparent soil materials have emerged. Three-dimensional trans- parent soil modelling and imaging were also advanced. In China, the advance and the application of the transparent modelling technique have achieved great success. My group at Dalian University of Technology, the research team led by Dr. Hanlong Liu at Hohai University and the group by Dr. Wanghua Sui at China University of Mining and Technology have conducted research on the transparent soil modelling technique for many years and got their research results published. Now we feel that it is a good time to summarize these works and compile them into a new book, which is to introduce the new development of transparent soil modelling technique to the interested readers and enhance further applications on the related research topics in the geotechnical engineering and granular mechanics. Salient Features The salient features of the book are the following: (1) The newest transparent materials reported; (2) The principle of digital image cross-correlation and 3D deformation field reconstruction were covered; (3) Detailed application cases of transparent soil modelling in pile foundation were presented; (4) Detailed application cases of transparent soil modelling in chemical grouting were provided. Organization This book is divided into three parts. Part I of the book deals with the subject of transparent materials, which is focusing on the transparent soils developed till now and their geotechnical properties. It includes six chapters. Chapter 1 introduces available different types of transparent soils. Chapter 2 introduces the geotechnical properties of transparent soil made of silica gel. Chapter 3 describes the geotechnical properties of transparent soil of fused quartz. Chapter 4 describes the geotechnical properties of transparent clay of Carbopol U10. Chapter 5 describes transparent rock, and Chap. 6 describes different types of pore fluids to make transparent soil. Part II of the book mainly deals with the digital image processing and 3D deforma- tion measurement reconstruction. It includes five chapters. Chapter 7 introduces the Preface vii laser speckle effect in transparent soil modelling. Chapter 8 describes the 2D trans- parent soil imaging and digital image cross-correlation methods. Chapter 9 describes the camera calibration through neural network method. Chapter 10 introduces the 3D transparent soil modelling and deformation reconstruction. Part III of the book provides cases on the application of transparent soil modelling technique. It includes three chapters. Chapter 11 described the application of trans- parent soil modelling technique in pile foundations, which covers the soil plugging in pipe pile, soil-pile-cap interaction, the penetration mechanisms of pile foundation and the geosynthetics reinforced stone columns. Chapter 12 described the application of transparent soil modelling in chemical grouting. Chapter 13 describes the appli- cation of transparent soil modelling of cylindrical object penetration into granular materials. Dalian, China Honghua Zhao Nanjing, China Gangqiang Kong Xuzhou, China Wanghua Sui Acknowledgements On preparation and completion of the book Transparent Soil Modelling Technique and Its Application, I express my heartiest gratitude to my students, past and present, I also sincerely thank my Ph.D. advisor Dr. Louis Ge who supported and encouraged me to study transparent soil modelling topic in my Ph.D. research. I also sincerely thank Dr. Gangqiang Kong who inspired me to write this book and shared their research works on this topic. I also thank Dr. Wanghua Sui who made contributions to this book. I appreciated the support from Dr. Gangqiang Kong and Dr. Wanghua Sui who made this book possible. I also owe an enormous debt of gratitude to my colleagues and students who helped me directly or indi- rectly in preparation of this treatise. Research funds (Nos. 11672066, 51308091, 52027812, 51478165, 5100811, 41072237, 41472268) from National Natural Science Foundation of China are greatly acknowledged. ix Contents Part I Transparent Materials 1 Introduction .................................................. 3 References .................................................... 4 2 Transparent Sand of Silica Gel ................................. 5 2.1 Static Properties of Silica Gel .............................. 6 2.2 Dynamic Properties of Silica Gel ........................... 9 2.2.1 Resonant Column Tests and Sample Preparation ....... 9 2.2.2 Shear Modulus of Silica Gel ........................ 10 2.2.3 Comparison with Shear Modulus of Clay, Sand and Gravel ....................................... 15 2.2.4 Damping Ratio of Silica Gel ........................ 17 2.3 Summary and Conclusions ................................ 21 References .................................................... 22 3 Transparent Sand of Fused Quartz ............................. 25 3.1 Introduction ............................................. 25 3.2 Static Properties of Fused Quartz ........................... 25 3.2.1 Materials ........................................ 26 3.2.2 Stress–Strain Curves of Transparent Soil of Fused Quartz .......................................... 27 3.2.3 Shear Strength ................................... 29 3.2.4 Pore Pressure .................................... 30 3.2.5 Deviatoric Stress and Stress Ratio ................... 31 3.2.6 Summary ........................................ 32 3.3 Geotechnical Properties of Fused Quartz with Different Pore Fluid ............................................... 32 3.3.1 Fused Quartz and Pore Fluid ....................... 33 3.3.2 Experimental Program ............................. 34 3.3.3 Testing Results ................................... 34 3.3.4 Critical State Line ................................ 38 xi

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