Transnational Politics of the Environment: The European Union and Environmental Policy in Central and Eastern Europe (Global Environmental Accord: Strategies ... Sustainability and Institutional Innovation)

267 Pages·2003·1.05 MB·English

by  Liliana B. Andonova

Andonova 12/23/03 1:59 PM Page 1
Transnational Politics of the Environment
The European Union and Environmental Policy in Central and Eastern Europe
Transnational Politics of
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Liliana B. Andonova
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In Transnational Politics of the EnvironmentLiliana Andonova examines the effect of the European Union (EU) n the Environment
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on the environmental policies of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, and Poland. Compliance with EU envi- n
ronmentalregulations is especially onerous for Central and Eastern European countries because of the costs a
involved and the legacy of pollution from communist-era industries. But Andonova argues that EU integra- t
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tionhas a positive impact on environmental policies in these countries by exerting a strong influence on the o
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environmental interests of regulated industries. With her empirical study of chemical safety and air pollu-
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tion policies from 1990 to 2000, she shows that export-competitive industries such as the chemical industry l

welcome environmental regulations that comply with EU standards, thereby facilitating their access to P
The European Union and
EU markets. By contrast, non-competitive industries such as electric utilities that primarily serve the o
domesticmarket remain opposed to EU environmental standards and must be prodded by their own gov- li
ernments to implement environmental-protection measures. These differences in domestic interests greatly t Environmental Policy in
i
influencethe course of reforms and the adoption of EU standards. c
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Transnational Politics of the Environmentchallenges the current focus on intergovernmental cooperation Central and Eastern Europe
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between East and West by highlighting the roles of industries, transnational norms, and domestic institu-
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tions in promoting change in environmental regulation. It offers a generalizable framework for under- t
standingthe politics of environmental regulation in emerging market economies, and it helps bridge the h
e
divide between the study of domestic and international environmental politics.

Liliana B. Andonova is an Assistant Professor of International Relations and Environmental Politics in E
the Government Department and the Environmental Studies Program at Colby College. n
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“A remarkably well-stated presentation of complex environmental history and political relationships in n
three Eastern European countries, with good research, clear thinking, and equally clear exposition.” m
—Eugene B. Skolnikoff, Professor Emeritus of Political Science, MIT
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n
“This is the first published analysis of the impacts of the processof enactment and application of EU envi- t

ronmental legislation in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. On the basis of originally researched
case histories it assesses the impacts of this process on industrial structures and costs and on the interplay of
industrial, political, and advocacy group interests in the legislative process. It is highly recommended
reading not only for academics and experts but for all those interested in the future development of EU
environmental regulation and in the solution of global environmental issues.”
—Tom Garvey, Member of the Board, Russian Regional Environmental Centre, Moscow, Formerly Deputy
Director General for Environment, European Commission
“The work presented here is quite original and theoretically and empirically sound. It will make a very
significant contribution to the field of international environmental relations and comparative environmental
politics. Andonova makes an innovative, interesting, compelling, and convincing argument that nicely
bridges the IR/comparative politics divide that characterizes the political science field. She demonstrates
how domestic politics influence international relations and how international relations influence domestic A
Liliana B. Andonova
politics.” n
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—Ronald B. Mitchell, Department of Political Science, University of Oregon
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Global Environmental Accord: Strategies for Sustainability and Institutional Innovation series a
0-262-51179-7
The MIT Press
,!7IA2G2-fbbhjh!:t;K;k;K;k
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
http://mitpress.mit.edu
Transnational Politics of the Environment
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Global Environmental Accord: Strategies for Sustainability and
Institutional Innovation
Nazli Choucri, editor
Nazli Choucri, editor, Global Accord
Peter M. Haas, Robert O. Keohane, and Marc A. Levy, editors,
Institutions for the Earth
Ronald B. Mitchell, Intentional Oil Pollution at Sea
Robert O. Keohane and Marc A. Levy, editors, Institutions for
Environmental Aid
Oran R. Young, editor, Global Governance
Jonathan A. Fox and L. David Brown, editors, The Struggle for
Accountability
David G. Victor, Kal Raustiala, and Eugene B. Skolnikoff, editors, The
Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental
Commitments
Mostafa K. Tolba, with Iwona Rummel-Bulska, Global Environmental
Diplomacy
Karen T. Litfin, editor, The Greening of Sovereignty in World Politics
Edith Brown Weiss and Harold K. Jacobson, editors, Engaging
Countries
Oran R. Young, editor, The Effectiveness of International
Environmental Regimes
Ronie Garcia-Johnson, Exporting Environmentalism
Lasse Ringius, Radioactive Waste Disposal at Sea
Robert G. Darst, Smokestack Diplomacy
Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz, editors, International Relations
and Global Climate Change
Edward L. Miles, Arild Underdal, Steinar Andresen, Jørgen Wettestad,
Jon Birger Skjærseth, and Elaine M. Carlin, Environmental Regime
Effectiveness
Erika Weinthal, State Making and Environmental Cooperation
Corey L. Lofdahl, Environmental Impacts of Globalization and Trade
Oran R. Young, The Institutional Dimensions of Environmental
Change
Tamar L. Gutner, Banking on the Environment
Liliana B. Andonova, Transnational Politics of the Environment
Transnational Politics of the Environment
The European Union and Environmental Policy in
Central and Eastern Europe
Liliana B. Andonova
The MIT Press
Cambridge, Massachusetts
London, England D
© 2004 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any
electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or informa-
tion storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.
Set in Sabon by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong. Printed and bound in
the United States of America. Printed on Recycled Paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Andonova, Liliana B.
Transnational politics of the environment : EU integration and environmental
policy in Central and Eastern Europe / Liliana B. Andonova.
p. cm.—(Global environmental accord: strategies for sustainability and
institutional innovation)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-262-01206-5 (hc.)—ISBN 0-262-51179-7 (pbk.)
1. Environmental policy—Europe, Central—International cooperation.
2. Environmental policy—Europe, Eastern—International cooperation.
3. Environmental policy—European Union countries. I. Title. II. Global
environmental accords
GE190.C36A53 2003
363.7'056'0943—dc21 2003051210
to my family
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Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction 1
I Chemical Safety Regulations: The Harmonizing Influence of
International Markets and Institutions 35
1 Regulatory Pressure and the Chemical Industry 39
2 Chemical Safety Policies in the Czech Republic, Poland, and
Bulgaria 65
II European Regulations to Combat Air Pollution 85
3 The Czech Republic: Early Adaptation 95
4 Poland: The Bargain of the Electricity Industry 123
5 Bulgaria: Harmonization without Implementation 153
Conclusion 183
Appendix: List of Interviews 197
Notes 203
Bibliography 225
Index 253
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Acknowledgements
When I was little, I often wondered how books get written and how air-
planes fly. Now, I believe I have some answers to the first question. The
writing of this book involved a lot of personal inspiration, but also
tremendous support from colleagues, friends, and family. I would like
to express my gratitude to my academic advisers at Harvard University,
Robert Bates, Robert Keohane, and Lisa Martin, for their advice and
commitment, for challenging me, and for inspiring creative thinking and
high standards. I am also indebted to Marc Busch, Bill Clark, Grzegorz
Ekiert, and Jeff Frieden for many insightful discussions. I thank Lewis
Gilbert and Peter Bearman for supporting my book completion endeavor
as a postdoctoral research scholar at the Earth Institute and the Institute
for Social and Economic Research and Policy at Columbia University.
My gratitude goes to many colleagues and friends—David Cash, Matt
Gershoff, Tom Garvey, Heather Greene, Larry Hamlet, Judit Kelley,
Mariana Panuncio, Claudia Scholz, Ken Scheve, Oxana Shevel, Josh
Tucker, Mike Tomz, and Inger Weinbust—who read drafts and provided
comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. I am indebted to Robert
Keohane for encouraging me to publish the book in a timely manner,
and to Clay Morgan for guiding the publication process at The MIT
Press. I also thank Ronald Mitchell and Tamar Guter for providing
thoughtful and valuable comments that guided some of the final revi-
sions. I thank John Attkinson and Philip Gunev for research assistance
and Charlotte Forbes for editing assistance. With this book, I also honor
the memory of Ronie Garcia-Johnson, a dear friend and colleague, who
shared her outstanding work, enthusiasm, and advice with me, and
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helped tremendously the timely publication of this research.