Transnational Labour Migration, Remittances and the Changing Family in Asia PDF
Preview Transnational Labour Migration, Remittances and the Changing Family in Asia
Transnational Labour Migration, Remittances and the Changing Family in Asia Edited by Lan Anh Hoang Brenda S. A. Yeoh Transnational Labour Migration, Remittances and the Changing Family in Asia Anthropology,ChangeandDevelopmentSeries SeriesEditors: LauraCamfield,SeniorLecturerinInternationalDevelopment,SchoolofInter- nationalDevelopment,UniversityofEastAnglia,UK CatherineLocke,ReaderinGenderandSocialDevelopment,SchoolofInterna- tionalDevelopment,UniversityofEastAnglia,UK Lan Anh Hoang, Lecturer in Development Studies, University of Melbourne, Australia Mainstream development studies have tended to neglect important aspects of experience in developing countries that fall outside the conventional preserve of development intervention. These neglected phenomena include consump- tion,modernityandmobility,andambivalentexperiencessuchasuncertainty, mistrust,jealousy,envy,love,emotion,hope,religiousandspiritualbelief,per- sonhood and other experiences throughout the life course. They have most closelybeenaddressedthroughcriticalethnographyinthecontextofcontem- porary developing societies. We invite submissions that focus on the value of ethnography of these contemporary experiences of development (as change), notonlytoaddresstheseneglectedphenomenabutalsotoenrichsocialscience thinkingaboutdevelopment. Titlesinclude: ElizabethCooperandDavidPratten(editors) ETHNOGRAPHIESOFUNCERTAINTYINAFRICA AlexFlynnandJonasTinius(editors) THEATREANDDEVELOPMENT LanAnhHoangandBrendaS.A.Yeoh(editors) TRANSNATIONALLABOURMIGRATION,REMITTANCESANDTHE CHANGINGFAMILYINASIA Forthcomingtitles: TanyaJakimow DE-CENTRINGDEVELOPMENT UnderstandingChangeinAgrarianSociety Anthropology,ChangeandDevelopmentSeries SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–1–137–34597–4 (outsideNorthAmericaonly) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to usattheaddressbelowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesand theISBNquotedabove. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XS,England Transnational Labour Migration, Remittances and the Changing Family in Asia Editedby Lan Anh Hoang LecturerinDevelopmentStudies,UniversityofMelbourne,Australia and Brenda S. A. Yeoh ProfessorofGeography,NationalUniversityofSingapore,Singapore Selection,introductionandeditorialmatter©LanAnhHoangand BrendaS.A.Yeoh2015 Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-50685-6 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2015by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-50596-8 ISBN 978-1-137-50686-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137506863 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData TransnationalLabourMigration,RemittancesandtheChangingFamily inAsia(Conference)(2010:Singapore) Transnationallabourmigration,remittancesandthechangingfamilyin Asia/[editedby]LanAnhHoang,LecturerinDevelopmentStudies, UniversityofMelbourne,Australia,BrendaS.A.Yeoh,Professorof Geography,NationalUniversityofSingapore. pagescm.—(Anthropology,changeanddevelopment) “Earlierversionsofchaptersinthisvolumewerepresentedatthe InternationalWorkshopentitled,LabourMigration,Remittancesand theChangingFamilyinAsia,27th–28thJuly2010in Singapore”—Acknowledgements. 1. Asia—Emigrationandimmigration—Congresses. 2. Labor mobility—Asia—Congresses. 3. Emigrantremittances—Asia— Congresses. 4. Families—Asia—Congresses. I. Hoang,LanAnh, 1977– II. Yeoh,BrendaS.A. III. Title. JV8490.T7232010 331.5(cid:2)44095—dc23 2015001001 Contents ListofFiguresandTables vii SeriesEditors’Preface ix Acknowledgements xii NotesonContributors xiii 1 Introduction:Migration,RemittancesandtheFamily 1 LanAnhHoangandBrendaS.A.Yeoh Part I RemittancesasGenderedProcesses 2 TransnationalRemittancesandGenderedStatus EnhancementinRuralBangladesh 27 NityaRao 3 RemittancesandWomen’sAgency:ManagingNetworksof ObligationamongBurmeseMigrantWorkersinThailand 50 KyokoKusakabeandRuthPearson 4 “Good”Sonsand“Dutiful”Daughters:AStructural SymbolicInteractionistAnalysisoftheMigrationand RemittanceBehaviourofNorthernThaiInternational Migrants 82 TeresaSobieszczyk 5 “SoTheyRememberMeWhenI’mGone”:Remittances, FatherhoodandGenderRelationsofFilipinoMigrantMen 111 StevenMcKay Part II RemittancesandGenerationalDynamicsof Change 6 MigrantRemittances,PopulationAgeingand IntergenerationalFamilyObligationsinSriLanka 139 MicheleRuthGamburd 7 DifferentialImpactsofMigrationontheFamilyNetworks ofOlderPeopleinIndonesia:AComparativeAnalysis 165 PhilipKreagerandElisabethSchröder-Butterfill v vi Contents 8 Migration,RemittancesandSocialandSpatial OrganisationofRuralHouseholdsinChina 194 C.CindyFan 9 FilipinoChildrenandtheAffectiveEconomyofSaving andBeingSaved:RemittancesandDebtsinTransnational MigrantFamilies 227 CheryllAlipio Part III (Non-)RemittanceandtheFamilyinCrisis 10 RethinkingRemittancesthroughEmotion:Filipina MigrantLabourersinSingaporeandTransnational FamiliesUndone 257 SallieYea 11 TransnationalLabourMigration,DebtsandFamily EconomicsinVietnam 283 LanAnhHoangandBrendaS.A.Yeoh Index 311 Figures and Tables Figures 3.1 Averageannualremittancesandpercentageofthose whodonotremitbygenderofrespondents 59 3.2 Netearningsofrespondentsbygenderandyear 60 3.3 Annualaverageremittancesperremittingrespondents byperiodandgender 65 7.1 Proportionsofadultchildrenbylocationand socioeconomicstratumofelderlyparentsandpatterns ofmonetarysupportbychildrenlivingawayfromthe community(2005) 170 7.2 Percentageofelderlyrespondents’adultchildren involvedindistancemigration(over100km)by socioeconomicstratumofparentsandpatternsof monetarysupport(2005) 180 11.1 NumberofVietnameseworkersdeployedoverseas (2000–2009) 291 11.2 Comparisonofaveragemigrationfinancialcostsand debtsincurredtofundmigration(millionVND) 296 11.3 Useofremittances 297 Tables 2.1 Educationlevelsofmigrants 34 2.2 Meanyearsofschoolingbygender 40 3.1 Methodsofremittanceofrespondents(firstremittance) 64 4.1 Migrants’mostrecentmigrationtriptoanotherEastor SoutheastAsiancountry:selecteddemographicand socioeconomiccharacteristicsanddescriptive informationbygenderandtypeofmigration 86 7.1 Locationsofelderlyrespondents’adultchildren:Koto Kayo,WestSumatra 168 7.2 Locationsofelderlyrespondents’adultchildren: Citengah,WestJava 169 7.3 Locationsofelderlyrespondents’adultchildren:Kidul, EastJava 169 vii viii ListofFiguresandTables 7.4 Meanvaluesofannualmonetarygiftsbyadultchildren toelders(2005) 181 7.5 Networkdepletion:non-contributingmigrantchildren inthelowerstrata(2005) 182 7.6 MonetarysupportintheYasim/Rukminihousehold (2005) 184 7.7 Locationofelderlyrespondents’sonsanddaughters (excludinganychildrenlivingwithparents)(2005) 190 8.1 SampledhouseholdsinVillageG 202 8.2 Migrationtypesofsampledhouseholds 205 8.3 Migranthouseholds’spatialorganisation 209 11.1 AverageincomesofVietnamesemigrantworkersand thelegalrecruitmentfeesforselectedcountries 292 11.2 CHAMPSEA’ssampleforthequalitativestudyin Vietnambymigrantworker’sdestinationand occupation 295 Series Editors’ Preface Thisbookseriesfostersengagementbetweencriticalanthropologyand development studies through the notion of thinking about develop- ment as change. Both applied anthropology and the anthropology of development have made significant strides in building a more crit- ical engagement between anthropology and development, and both are widely acknowledged as pertinent in various ways for students, researchers and, to a lesser degree, practitioners of international devel- opment.Thisrecognitioninadvertentlysustains,onthepartofdevelop- ment studies, a somewhat selective engagement with critical historical ethnography, often limited to that which is easily “legible”, as well as a clear disconnect with a wider swathe of critical ethnography about modernity in developing countries (e.g., Burawoy, 2009; Murray Li, 2007; Ong, 2011). While both can contribute substantially to under- standingandvaluingchange,suchethnographiesaremistakenlyseenas beinglessrelevanttotheconcernsofcontemporarydevelopment.Non- anthropologistsandthoseworkingfromamorepragmaticdevelopment orientation may find that they make “difficult” and “uncomfortable” reading.However,itispreciselythistheoreticalrigourandthedetermi- nationtounsettleconventionalperceptionsaboutdevelopmentthatlie atthecentreofthevalueofcriticalanthropologyfordevelopment. Thisseriesgoesbeyondtheremitofan“appliedanthropology”frame- worktoincludephenomenathathavebeenoverlookedbydevelopment studies. It focuses precisely on the important aspects of experience in developing countries that fall outside the conventional preserve of developmentintervention.Theseneglectedphenomenaincludeuncer- tainty, mistrust, jealousy, envy, witchcraft and ambivalent experiences suchaslove,emotion,hope,consumption,modernity,aspiration,social mobility, religious and spiritual belief, personhood and other experi- ences throughout the life course. They might also include the sensory dimensions of life – for example, the pleasures of consumption in festivalsandmalls,theexperienceofloveandotherlesscelebratedemo- tions.Othermarginalphenomenaincludethesubjectiveandrelational aspects of life in developing countries that contribute to anthropo- logical and sociological critiques of development and modernity. Rich applications of life-course analysis to developing country experiences, ix
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