Transnational Advocacy for Education for All The Philippines’ Case Joosje Hoop – 0304565 MSc. International Development Studies Graduate School of Social Sciences University of Amsterdam Transnational Advocacy for Education for All: The Philippines´ Case Joosje Hoop Student nr. 0304565 Msc. International Development Studies Graduate School for Social Sciences – University of Amsterdam 23rd December 2009 Supervisor: Dr. Mario Novelli Second supervisor: Dr. Antoni Verger Acknowledgements This is it, the final product for my Masters course. This achievement wouldn’t have been possible without the support of many wonderful people who have helped and guided me through the entire process. I owe a big thanks to many people, but I would like to explicitly show appreciation to some of them here. First of all, I would like to thank everyone who participated in my research. I’m very thankful for all of you taking time to share your stories and knowledge with me, and help me in whatever way. I feel privileged to have been able to learn about the wonderful work that you do. A very special thanks goes out to the people of the E‐Net secretariat who have been so kind and helpful to me. I really appreciate the long conversations we’ve had, the trips and activities, jokes and laughter. I really have felt the warm Filipino hospitality, for which I’m very thankful for. Maraming Salamat! Then, another special thanks goes out to my two supervisors Mario Novelli and Antoni Verger as they have inspired me in many ways. I had the pleasure to work with them both as a student and as a ‘colleague’, and I’m very thankful for everything I have learned and the opportunities I have had as a ‘rookie’ in the field of education and development. And last but not least, a very big thank you to my friends and family. To my family I would like to say thank you for supporting me throughout the whole process. It’s been an intense year, but I’ve always felt your support, which strengthened me and made me carry on! To my friends I would like to say, thank you for your support and making those thesis‐writing days less hard. Now that my thesis is finished, I will be rejoining you in normal life! 2 Abstract In the current time of globalization, where governance appears to be ‘going global’, civil society is also increasingly organising itself beyond national borders. In order to gain a more powerful voice, civil society actors are ever more linking up and working together, which results in transnational civil society coalitions such as the Global Campaign for Education. The focus of this thesis is E‐Net, the Philippine Civil Society Coalition for Education Reforms affiliated with the Global Campaign for Education. As transnational advocacy coalitions are a relatively new phenomenon, there is not yet much understanding of how they ‘work’. This research aims to contribute to a better understanding of how social movements and advocacy coalitions matter, by analysing what has been the impact of E‐Net and which factors, and critical reflexivity over these factors, contribute to or limit their internal and external success. Factors of both structure and agency were taken into account, considering the political and educational context, strategic collective action, power relations and scalar interaction. 3 Content Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................2 Abstract............................................................................................................................3 List of acronyms and abbreviations..................................................................................6 List of Figures....................................................................................................................8 1. Introduction................................................................................................................10 PART 1: CONCEPTS, THEORY, METHODOLOGY, METHODS, BACKGROUND 2. Defining the concepts.................................................................................................15 2.1. NGOs, social movements, grassroots organizations, and teacher unions..........15 2.2 Defining civil society.............................................................................................17 2.3 Rescaling: Civil society coalitions – crossing borders...........................................18 2.4 Defining Impact & Success...................................................................................20 2.4.1 Internal and external success............................................................................21 3 Theoretical Framework...............................................................................................23 3.1 Strategic Relational Approach..............................................................................23 3.1.1 Political Opportunity Framework..................................................................24 3.1.2 Frame Analysis...............................................................................................25 3.1.3 Advocacy Coalition Framework.....................................................................25 3.2 Cultural Political Economy....................................................................................26 4. Research approach.....................................................................................................28 5. Methodology..............................................................................................................31 5.1 Methodology........................................................................................................31 5.2 Research techniques and methods......................................................................31 5.3 Unit of Analysis.....................................................................................................34 5.4 Analysis.................................................................................................................35 6. Research location and research background.............................................................36 6.1 Politics in the Philippines......................................................................................37 6.2 History of Philippine education............................................................................39 6.3 Governance of education in the Philippines........................................................41 6.4 Education government and involvement of non‐state actors in the Philippines 43 6.5 Financing Philippine education.............................................................................44 6.6 The education system...........................................................................................45 6.7 What’s wrong with the system?...........................................................................47 4 PART 2: THE PHILIPPINE CIVIL SOCIETY NETWORK FOR EDUCATION REFORMS 7. Education Network Philippines ‐ E‐Net......................................................................52 7.1 Origin and history of E‐Net...................................................................................52 7.2 Evolution of E‐Net.................................................................................................53 7.3 Structure, vision and mission...............................................................................54 7.4 Organisation structure..........................................................................................56 7.4.1 General Assembly..........................................................................................57 7.4.2 Board of Trustees & Executive Committee...................................................58 7.4.3 National Secretariat.......................................................................................58 7.4.4 Regional Bodies & PIECE................................................................................59 7.5 Financing E‐Net / Money matters........................................................................60 7.6 Strategies..............................................................................................................62 8. Political context: The opportunities and challenges for civil society engagement....66 8.1 The pre‐E‐Net era.................................................................................................66 8.2 Engaging the government....................................................................................70 8.3 The times they are a‐changing.............................................................................74 8.4 International political and networking opportunities..........................................77 9. Coalitioning, an added value?....................................................................................82 9.1 Working together.................................................................................................82 9.2 The sum bigger than the parts.............................................................................86 9.3 Internal success of E‐Net......................................................................................90 10. External Impact of E‐Net..........................................................................................93 10.1 Political impact...................................................................................................93 10.2 Procedimental impact........................................................................................96 10.3 Symbolic impact................................................................................................100 11. Challenges facing E‐Net..........................................................................................104 11.1 Internal challenges...........................................................................................104 11.2 External challenges...........................................................................................109 12. Conclusions.............................................................................................................111 12.1 Maturing of E‐Net: the internal success...........................................................112 12.2 E‐Net’s contribution to Education for All.........................................................115 12.3 From local to global, and back..........................................................................117 12.4 Limitations and recommendations for further research.................................118 References....................................................................................................................121 Appendix.......................................................................................................................128 5 List of acronyms and abbreviations ABI Alternative Budget Initiative ACT Alliance of Concerned Teachers ADB Asian Development Bank AER Action for Economic Reforms ALS Alternative Learning Systems ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASPBAE Asian South Pacific Bureau of Basic and Adult Education BALS Bureau of Alternative Learning System BESRA Basic Education Sector Reform Agenda CHED Commission on Higher Education CSO Civil Society Organisation DepEd Department of Education ECCD Early Childhood Care and Development ECCE Early Childhood Care and Education EFA Education For All EI Education International ELF Education for Life Foundation E‐Net Education Network Philippines ERA Education Reform Agenda ESKAN Eskwelahan Sang Katawhan Negros FTI Fast Track Initiative FLEMMS Functional Literacy Education Mass Media Survey GAW Global Action Week GCAP Global Call to Action Against Poverty GCE Global Campaign for Education GDP Gross Domestic Product GMR Global Monitoring Report GNP Gross National Product HDI Human Development Index INGO International Non‐Governmental Organisation 6 JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation LCC Literacy Coordinating Council LGU Local Government Unit LSB Local School Board MDA Mid Decade Assessment MDGs Millennium Development Goals NCEFA National Committee on Education for All NEC National EFA Committee NEDA National Economic Development Authority NGO Non‐Governmental Organisation ODA Official Development Assistance OFWs Overseas Filipino Workers OSY Out‐of‐School Youth OXFAM GB Oxfam Great Britain PBEd Philippine Business for Education PEPE Popular Education for People’s Empowerment RWS Real World Strategies SAMEO Southeast Asian Ministers of Education SFI School First Initiative SBM School Based Management TDC Teachers Dignity Coalition TESDA Technical Education and Skills Development Authority TOPPS Teacher Organization for Philippine Public Schools Sector UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UP University of the Philippines 7 List of Figures Images Image 1 (Front page) Girl at Global Action Week, Manila, 2009 Front Map Map of the Philippines 9 Schemes Scheme 1. Reflexivity about context and action 29 Scheme 2. Reflexivity about pluri‐scalar coalitions 30 Scheme 3. Internal and external factors influencing success of coalition 30 Scheme 4. Organisation Structure E‐Net 56 Tables Table 1 Gender Disparities in Education 46 Table 2 Philippine Progress towards EFA 51 8 Map of Philippines Source: http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/uploads/2008/08/philippines_rel93.jpg 9
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