Translation and Language: Linguistic Theories Explained (Translation Theories Explained) PDF
Preview Translation and Language: Linguistic Theories Explained (Translation Theories Explained)
TranslationTheoriesExplained Translation Theories Explained is a series designed to respond to the profound plurality of contemporary translation studies. There are many problems to be solved,many possible approaches that can be drawn from neighbouring disciplines, and several strong language-bound traditions plaguedby the paradoxical fact that some ofthe key theoretical texts have yet to be translated. Recognizing this plurality as both a strength and a potential shortcoming, the series provides a format where different approaches can be compared, theirvirtuesassessed,and mutual blindspotsovercome. Therewill also be scope for introductions to specific areas oftranslation practice. Students and scholars may thus gain comprehensive awareness ofthe work being done beyond local or endemic frames. Most volumes in the series place a general approach within its historical context,givingexamplestoillustratethe main ideas, summarizingthe most significant debates and openingperspectives for future work. The authors have been selected not only because of their command of a particular approach but also in view of their openness to alternatives and their willingness to discuss criticisms. In every respect the emphasis is on explainingthe essentialpointsasclearlyand asconciselyaspossible,using numerous examplesand providingglossariesofthe main technical terms. Theseriesshouldproveparticularlyusefultostudents dealingwithtranslation theoriesforthefirst time, toteachersseekingtostimulatecriticalreflection, and to scholars looking for a succinct overview ofthe field's present and future. AnthonyPym SeriesEditor Translation and Language Linguistic Theories Explained PeterFawcett STjEROME PllKL ISHlNG Manchester,UK& Northampton,MA Firstpublished 1997by St.JeromePublishing 2MapleRoad West,Brooklands,Manchester,M23 9HH,UnitedKingdom Fax+44 1619053498. Email:[email protected] www.stjerome.co.uk Reprinted 2003 ISBN1-900650-07-X ISSN1365-0513 Copyright©PeterFawcett 1997 All Rightsreserved, includingthoseoftranslationinto foreign languages.Nopart ofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedin any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwisewithouteitherthe priorwritten permissionofthePublisheror alicence permittingrestrictedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency(CLA),90 TottenhamCourtRoad,London,WIP9HE.InNorthAmerica,registeredusersmay contacttheCopyrightClearanceCenter(CCC): 222 RosewoodDrive,Danvers MA 01923,USA. Printedand boundinGreatBritainby T.J.InternationalLtd.,Cornwall,UK CoverdesignbySteveFieldhouse,Oldham,UK (+44 1616202263) Typeset by DeltaTypesetters,Cairo, Egypt Email:[email protected] British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Acataloguerecordofthis bookisavailablefrom the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Fawcett,PeterD. Translationand language :linguistic theoriesexplained/ Peter Fawcett. p.em,- (Translationtheoriesexplained, ISSN 1365-0513) Includesbibliographicalreferences. ISBN I-900650-07-X(paperback:alk.paper) I. Translatingand interpreting. I.Title.II. Series. P306.F362003 4I8'.02-dc2I 2003004768 Contents Foreword 1. Introduction Atroubledrelationship Langue/parole j.... Signifier/signified 5 Paradigmaticand syntagmatic:wordsets and collocations 6 Sociolinguisticsandpragmatics 9 2. Sub-WordComponents 11 Sound 11 Morphemes 14 Componentialanalysis 17 j..... Semantics 19 Semanticfields 19 Word relations 21 Connotation 23 Wordmeaningand translation 25 4. TranslationTechniques 27 Russianapproaches(Shveitserand Retsker) 27 Translationas 'analogy' 27 Translationas 'adequacy' 28 Concretization 29 Logicalderivation 30 Antonymictranslation 31 Compensation 31 The viewfrom Canada(Vinayand Darbe1net) 34 Borrowing 34 Calque 35 Literaltranslation 36 Transposition 37 Modulation 37 Equivalence 38 Adaptation 39 An Americanmodel(Malone) 41 Matching:SubstitutionandEquation 41 Zigzagging:DivergenceandConvergence 43 Recrescence:AmplificationandReduction 45 Repackaging:DiffusionandCondensation 47 Reordering 49 Critique 50 5. Equivalence 53 Catfordandtextualequivalence 54 Nida and dynamicequivalence 56 Komissarov'ssharpandfuzzyequivalence 60 6. Beyondthe Word 64 Generativegrammar 65 Shveitser:translationandrewritingrules 67 Maloneandbridgebuilding 69 7. Beyondthe Sentence:ContextandRegister 72 Context 72 Communicativeeventandregister 74 Register 75 Registerand language user 75 Registerand languageuse 77 Registerinpractice 80 8.TextStructure 85 Theme/rhemeandfunctionalsentenceperspective 85 Cohesion 90 Cohesionthroughrepetition 91 Cohesionthroughellipsis 92 Cohesionthroughreference 94 Parataxisand hypotaxis 96 Coherence 98 Translation as text 100 9.Text Functions 101 Languagefunctions 101 Textfunctions and types 104 Reiss andthe monofunctionalapproach 104 The multifunctionalapproach 108 Function-alteringtranslation 112 Overt and covelttranslation 113 10.Sociolinguistics 116 11.Pragmatics 123 Presupposition 123 Speechacts 126 Implicature 130 12.Psycholinguistics 135 Relevancetheory 135 Translationstrategies 139 ConclusionandPerspectives 144 Glossary 146 Bibliography 153 Foreword This book is about the love-hate relationship between linguistics and translation theory. Many linguists have no interest in translation theory, and some translation theorists are increasingly declaring that linguistics hasnothingtooffertheirdiscipline.The authorofthisbookdoesnot entirely share this sceptical attitudetowards linguistics; he does not see linguistics asthegrand liberatororthegreatoppressoroftranslationstudies;hebelieves ratherthat there aremanythingsintranslationwhichcan only bedescribed and explainedby linguistics. Further,atranslatorwho lacks atleast abasic knowledge oflinguistics issomebodywho is workingwithan incomplete toolkit. Since what might be called the 'heroic age' oflinguistically-oriented translationstudiesextendedfrom themid-1950stothe mid-1980s,itisonly right that these classic texts receivetheir due attentioninthesepages. How ever,inspite ofthescepticismalludedtoabove,there iscontinuedand even renewed interest in linguistic approaches to translation studies. We shall thus also look at these more recent developments, especially in the later chapters. Inrelationtosome ofthesedevelopments,theauthormay seem totake asceptical attitude. But that should betaken not ashostility so much asan indication thatthese approacheshave notyetmadetheir pointconvincingly, and that more research needs to bedone. Indeed, a phrase encountered frequently and with variations in these later chaptersis:'littleisknown aboutthis asyet'. Therearemanyareas of translation studies where much more linguistic research is needed. There has been a tendency for translation theorists to make a proposal and then pass on, leavingthe groundlargelyunbroken. Otherresearchershave toget outtheirspadesand start digging. Onehope,therefore,isthatthis bookwill pointthe way to such areas. In an introductory book ofthis length it is not possible to cover all aspects ofthe relationshipbetweenlinguisticsandtranslationtheory.Ihave neverthelesstried tocoverinreasonabledetail those areas which have been central tothesubjectand giveatleast amentiontoothers,whichthe reader can follow upthrough the bibliography. All translationsofquotations are my own.
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